Conflict Management Plan Essay

Competing The strength maybe that one person will see the benefits.The weakness will be that the other person in the issue will not benefit the same or at all at the other person in the situation and does not consider the other in the situations. Collaborating The strength is when both parties involved in the issue propose to solve the problem by discussing the differences rather than by accommodating, therefore they benefit from the results.The weakness maybe if both parties agree to re solve the issue but cannot discuss the differences in their issues. Avoiding The strength is when the parties try to move on from the issue and not cause a big deal over it.The weakness maybe that by dismissing the issue; it will never get resolved. Accommodating The strength is when one party involve is willing to be the bigger person and let the other party involve win the situation, in order to keep the peace.The weakness maybe that the person who is willing to let the other win the issue. They will never resolve the issue between them and it is possible that it can be brought up in another situation. Compromising The strength can be that the issue will be solved and both parties neither win nor lose.The weakness maybe that both parties have to give up something in order for the issue to be resolved. Also, both parties to the issue will have incomplete satisfaction. 2.Which of the available conflict management strategies is most appropriate for the current situation with David and James? Provide your rationale, including what factors you considered in making your selection. Your response should be at least 100 words. In James and David situation, the most appropriate conflict management strategy will be the Collaborating and Compromising strategy. According to Robbins and Judge (2011), collaborating is when both individuals involved are in the agreement to solve the conflict in order to make each individual involved happy. It is believed that David and James should talk about the issue and try get to the bottom of where the issue or conflict began. Therefore, when James and David come to an agreement to collaborate and solve the issue, both can be happy with the outcome because not one or the other made the choice alone; it was a team effort. In addition, using the compromising strategy has some similar effects to the collaborating strategy, however, in this case there is no win or lose situation. Both James and David will have to compromise in making a decision in which will not benefit them both, but it will solve the issue. 3. If the selected strategy is not successful, what is your alternate strategy? Provide your rationale for this selection. Your response should be at least 100 words. In James and David situation if the first strategies do not work, the second appropriate conflict management strategy would be to use the accommodating strategy. Robbins and Judge (2011) states that, accommodating is when individual involved in the conflict put the best interest of the other party before themselves. This strategy may be tricky because in order for this to work, David or James will have to make a choice to put the other person in front of themselves. As a result, this strategy can strengthen James and David friendship because they will see that no matter what, one of them is willing to accommodate the other in order to keep the peace. 4.What potential road blocks might be encountered in resolving the conflict? How would you address these? Your response should be at least 100 words. 5. In James and David Situation the potential road blocks that might be encountered are communication, structure and personal variable. Robbins and Judge (2011) states that, communication, structure and personal variables my not directly lead to conflict however they are necessary in order for conflict to arise. When there is not communication between to individuals problems will arise. Moreover, I would address the issue by using one of the conflict resolution strategies such as the collaborating. I would set James and David to communicate with each other and discuss the issue and try to resolve it amongst each other. Hope the outcomes between both individual is to resolve the conflict. Reference Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2011). Organizational behavior (14th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. University of Phoenix. (2012). University of Phoenix Material: Conflict Management Plan Plan. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, MGT/311 – ORGANIZATIONAL DEVELOPMENT website. University of Phoenix. (2012). Riordan Manufacturing Virtual Organization [Multimedia]. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, MGT/311 Organizational Development website.

Did Racism Precede Slavery?

ESSAY There have been debates among scholars over whether racism preceded slavery or vice versa. Present an argument on this question using course materials (lectures, readings, film) While some argue that racism preceded slavery, I firmly believe that racism did not precede slavery. Before examining the reasons behind my opinion, it is important to note how race feeds into racism, and how slavery then latches on to racism. Race is a socially constructed idea through which a hierarchy largely stemming from the fairness of skin color is formed.As a result, different racial groups are formed with the White race occupying the top position of this hierarchy. Because of this skin-color based hierarchy, White people developed a sense of superiority and dominance over the Black people who lie at the bottom of this hierarchy. This perception of being superior and dominant over another race based on this hierarchy is racism. A connection between slavery and racism can then be formed when the White elites decide to only enslave the Black people when they feel their dominance and superiority is jeopardized in one way or the other.Therefore, the components of racism and slavery together form racialized slavery. Holistically speaking, a three-part system involving race, racism and slavery is effectively formed. While keeping components of this system in mind, it is also necessary to consider how money, productivity and social relations influence my view. When British settlers entered the New World, among their priorities was to hire relatively inexpensive slave labor to generate profits for them. While the freely available, local Native Americans were auditioned, the White settlers realized they had to look elsewhere.Native Americans died via diseases contracted by White settlers, and as a result were neither fully adaptable to slave labor nor productive. Instead, White settlers turned to indentured servitude. As discussed in lecture, indentured servitude saw White settlers import fellow British people and ordered them to work like slaves on cheap, 5-7 year contracts. However, this method of labor was not entirely successful since indentured servants too contracted diseases from settlers and died in numbers, while settlers also couldn’t dictate work conditions once their contracts expired.At this point, the frustrated White settlers wanted to bring in a people on whom they could place unlimited workloads to maximize productivity. This was when the British settlers turned to the African market. While the first British colonialists arrived in 1607, the first Africans were not brought in until 1619. (Week 3 powerpoint, â€Å"slavery-1†, slide 7) It is thus wrong to say that racism prompted and preceded the enslavement of Africans, since it was instead the failure of the Native Americans along with high mortality rates and contract laws of indentured servants that preceded and induced the enslavement of Africans.Moreover, the desire to becom e wealthier, not racism, convinced White settlers to enslave Africans. After failing with indentured servitude, White settlers imported Africans in pursuit of maximizing productivity and consequently receiving higher profits. As we discussed in class, planters in Virginia were aware of the rewards they could reap by enslaving Africans. Unlike the indentured servants contracts that limited the duration of work summoned by White settlers, enslaving Africans meant that planters could put no limits on the amount of work and time they ordered of them.Therefore, the more work you assign to slaves for much longer periods, the more productivity you get, and the more money your plantation gets you. On top of this though, planters also wanted more slaves to increase the supply of money they ultimately received. Accordingly, â€Å"state laws adopted the principle of partus sequitur ventrem- the child follows the condition of the mother regardless of the race of the father. † (Cannon, 19 93, p. 415) Thanks to this law, enslaved mothers gave birth to enslaved children who went on to become extra pairs of hands on plantations.In the case of children being enslaved because of their enslaved mothers, racism once again does not precede slavery. Since child enslavement holds â€Å"regardless of the race of the father†, (Cannon, 1993, p. 415) it is the mother’s status as a slave and not race that precedes and assigns the same title to her children. White settlers wanted enslavement to be cyclical, and it is for this reason why enslaved women were valuable; they produced and reproduced. Although African enslavement eventually became slavery as torture only applicable to Africans, racism does not precede slavery here.As more Africans were imported for enslavement purposes, the White elites’ fears exacerbated. Even though African enslavement was the principal answer to increased wealth for White planters, indentured servitude was not extinct. Friendships between Africans and lower-class Whites existed, and the White elites were concerned these alliances would undermine their summoning powers and provoke a class insurrection. It was at this juncture in 1660 that racialized slavery in Virginia (Week 3 powerpoint, â€Å"slavery-1†, slide 7), a product of components in the system, was only specific to the Africans.Not only did racialized slavery prevent a class conflict between Whites, but also brought racism to the fore. As a system component in this case, racism is a perception of superiority and dominance from the White elites’ to the Africans. Hence, racialized slavery again supports my view since it was the enslavement of Africans and their interactions with lower-class Whites that preceded and incited racism. One can easily get confused by racism and slavery, and claim that slavery would never have occurred without an onslaught of racism.However, the series of events involving White settlers, Native Americans, indent ured servants and imported Africans are most logical when we argue that racism did not precede slavery. If the White settlers were racists ever since they arrived in the New World, indentured servitude would never have existed. Without the interaction of Africans and lower-class Whites, racialized slavery would not have been legitimatized, and Black people would not have been historically associated with slavery the most.

A Book Review of Philip Dicks Blade Runner

This paper analyzes the novel Blade Runner, through the authors intent and history. This paper examines the novel, `Blade Runner,` through two important questions, what is the authors message and what is the historical importance of this novel? The paper gives a background to the science-fiction plot and the central theme of the book, human identity. It further focuses on the central character, Rick Deckard, and his role central to that theme. The work centers around the question of what it means to be human. San Francisco Police bounty hunter Rick Deckard tracks down renegade androids who have escaped from colony worlds and retires them. The catch is that these androids are so human-like in appearance that no one can tell from looking at them whether they are real (i.e. human) or not and so that Deckard has to determine what they are before he can know whether or not to kill them. He has, in other words, to be able to look into their souls, into their hearts.

CORRECTIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CORRECTIONS - Essay Example In a further development to their work, Rossi et al. suggested that transitional aid for ex-offenders could only work if it is coupled with an incentive to find a job. This incentive to find a job can only come on the heels of professional training while the ex-offenders still have the status of inmates. In view of the above, policy makers have identified the advantages of providing professional and vocational training to inmates in correctional centers. To implement such training, correctional centers often contract with private industries wherein these inmates can work to develop their skills. Among other issues, one can safely argue that training these inmates would prepare them to easily find jobs in a chosen field because of the hands-on experience they gained in a prison program. This is particularly true given that correctional centers seek to reform the mentality of inmates so that they can easily fit into the society after their release. According to Maguire et al (1988) they can only fit well into the society when they have a vocation from which they can earn income to reestablish their lives. Even during the training they undergo with private firms, the inmates can earn money while in the correctional centers.

Criticaly review the popular opinion of prison life with those who Literature

Criticaly the popular opinion of prison life with those who have been imprisoned in the UK (subject criminology) - Literature review Example This theory also emphasises the importance of victims and offenders meeting each other face to face, allowing them to voice their issues and experiences in order to eventually achieve mutually supported resolutions. Restorative justice is based on various indigenous cultures, cultures which apply traditions relating to spirituality and holistic healing (Sharpe, 1998). It also uses the non-retributive obligations relating to harm, supported by other faiths and cultures. In general therefore, penology based on this theory seeks to secure a balance between the offender and offended party (Cavadino and Dignan, 2006). Restorative justice therefore includes the concept of punishment. Penology designs by society include imprisonment, the payment of fines, and corporal punishment as a means of achieving the principles of restorative justice. Within the concept of restorative justice therefore, the perceptions of society and of incarcerated individuals shall be anchored, especially in terms o f the actual impact of incarceration on prisoners. (link between restorative justice and punishment) In understanding restorative justice, however, it is important to understand the criminal justice system and its initial applications in the UK society. Penal policy in the UK went through various transitions in an effort to support the Church of England against nonconformists, mostly by implementing forfeitures, civil provisions, and civil disabilities (Morrill, 1996). From the nineteenth century, significant changes have been identified in the criminal justice system. During Queen Victoria’s reign, major theorists like Edwin Chadwick considered the criminal offender as individuals belonging to the working classes who did not want to enter an honest full day’s work, and who preferred to drink and be idle (Mantle, et.al., 2005). The mid-19th century welcomed the term

Reading response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Reading response - Assignment Example Sagoff however, argues against this idea (Sagoff 2). Sagoff states that animals and trees can be given the same rights as human beings (3). It further states that it is hard to protect animals just because they are capable of suffering. In his argument against environmentalism, he gives an example that if man is to be prevented from hunting a deer, then a cat should also not hunt a mouse. This, the author says is one of the reasons why environmentalism principle cannot be fully implemented. He also argues against the claim by this group that groups and organizations like the Wildlife Fund have failed in their duties. Sagoff indicates that the duties of such organizations are based on biological factors and not on total environmentalism. The second group which the author talks about is the liberators who argue that animals have legal rights. This group advocate for equality. According to the author, the group advocates that it is the moral duty of the human beings to protect the environment and other wild animals since they have rights (Sagoff 5). This second group extends the moral boundaries so as to include the animals and all other creatures including trees. The liberators believe that tree and animals have legal standing and because of this, their interest should be represented in the courts, just the same way human interest is represented in court. This, the author says is totally impossible. Sagoff goes ahead to indicate that the welfare of all animals is in the hands of the society (4). Moreover, the society should not only attend to the needs of the domestic animals, but also the animals without help who are miserably out there in the wild. This he said is because the domestic animals are not in any special class. In defending his claim, the author argues that his stand should not be taken to be similar to those of animal liberators

Operations Management Case Analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Operations Management Case Analysis - Term Paper Example The revised approach as devised by Master Tag is beneficial, since it will entail supplying the labels directly to the plant growers. The labels will be supplied in two batches, with one batch supplied earlier, and the second batch supplied later, depending on the amount of produce that the plant growers will have obtained during any particular season (Foster, 697). This being the case, the revised plan will ensure that Master Tag does not produce labels beyond the requirements of the plants growers at any particular season, since the production will be based on the quantity of produce that the plants growers have produced in that season. The plan is also beneficial because, the production of the labels will be occurring in two batches, ensuring that the plant growers will not experience any shortages of the labels, since they will already be having the first batch, as they wait for the second batch to be delivered (Foster, 697). This improves the system of communication between the company and the users of the labels, ensuring that the company produces the exact amount of labels, which the plant growers will need to use. This way, the revised plan will have guarded against over or under production of the labels, ensuring that the customers are fully satisfied. 2. Mster Tag has not yet decided to implement this plan. List the pros and cons you think should be considered. The pros that should be considered while introducing the plan include: Direct produce to consumer interaction This is the first benefit that this revised plan will introduce, since it will pave way for the producer, in this case Master Tag, to interact directly with the consumers, who in this case are the plant growers. The improved producer to consumer relationship is a vital concept of business, since it establishes an avenue through which the producer and the consumer will address all the issue involving their business, thus improve their understanding, while also fostering loyalty and goodw ill (Sharp, 43). Direct producer to consumer relationships also fosters the process of innovation, since the producer will understand better the needs of the consumers, and therefore tailor made their products towards directly satisfying the unique needs of the consumers (Sharp, 45). This is contrary to the earlier plan, where the labels were first supplied to the seed companies, who in turn supplied them to the consumers. This is because, the producer would only depend on the information from the seed companies, thus may fail to meet the unique needs of each and every of the consumers, owing to the fact that the seed companies would order universal labels, while different plant growers would want the labels specifically made for them. Reduced price possibilities Secondly, the revised plan is advantageous to the company and to the plant growers, since it would enable a reduction in the price of the labels, now that they are delivered directly from the producer to the consumer, witho ut being added the costs of the intermediary, in this case, the seed companies (Foster, 698). This plan is a double gain, since it allows the producer to sell directly to the consumer without the inconveniencies of

Information System Briefing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Information System Briefing - Essay Example It is crucial to involve the stakeholders in selecting and acquiring the planned information system to ensure participative decision-making. We intend to engage in an intensive planning before we embark on the purchasing process. Planning will involve searching for information concerning the anticipated information system, assigning the purchase tasks to the team concerned with the implementation, setting task priorities and putting in place reminders of the project duration. The planning involves an analysis of information and workflows that are critical to the development of system architectures necessary to meet the needs of the business (Evelyn, 2010). Our organization wants to purchase the best system for enhancing quality of service delivery. The process of selecting will require results from properly conducted research. All nurses and caregivers will be required to contribute to the selection process; our organization performs duties on the foundations of democracy to prevent negative reactions from the users. After selection, the system will be purchased from the vendor who wins the tender. The installation of the new system will follow the parallel implementation conversion strategy. According to (Evelyn, 2010), there is usually an overlap period where both the old and the new information systems will need to run concurrently. Parallel implementation means operating the new and old systems side by side until the new systems confirms reliability (Hovenga, 2010); this is when the old system will be discontinued. Evaluating the information system will involve an ongoing process of testing the performance of the information and determine whether it meets the predetermined standards. The information collected will provide a foundation for collecting the performance requirements, creating performance testing

Persuasion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Persuasion - Essay Example y means a change in how you think about something, but also how you behave† (Principles of Persuasion, 2009) The persuader must be a role model and should be able to show the practical ways persuasion rather than delivering lectures about it. Persuasion has many dimensions and characteristics. Self persuasion and persuasion of others are two different aspects of persuasion. The techniques used to persuade others may not be successful for self persuasion. â€Å"An issue usually has two sides. To put it another way: Usually theres another side to any story. Recognizing this principle will bring some modesty to the persuaders attitude. He will realize that there are more gray areas in the world than purely white or black† (Principles of Persuasion, 2009). Usually, while I was studying, I have not thought much about the other sides of my studies. In other words, I never approached my studies in a critical manner. Whatever the written facts about a particular topic have been learned in a straight forwards manner. But after realising the persuasion principle mentioned above, I have changed my entire attitudes towards my studies and course works. I have realized that normally the knowledge sources provide only one side (White) of the facts and in order to complete our knowledge we need to find out the other side (Black) of the fact and also the one in between these two sides of the facts (Gray). For example, we all know that terrori sm is a serious issue, current world is facing. Most of the articles and the news papers will give us volumes of literatures about the darker sides of terrorism. But only limited people explore the brighter sides of terrorism. America is currently using the war against terrorism for executing their secret mission in Afghanistan and Iraq. Many people believe that the current war against terrorism is aimed at exploiting the oil, natural resources and fresh water resources of these countries. The gray side of terrorism is the reasons behind

Genetics and Evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Genetics and Evolution - Essay Example Thus in such situations the characters used to recognise the species becomes merely diagnostic, not distinctive. Biologically speaking, these are a connected series of the species in neighbouring areas which interbreed with two end populations which are too phenotypically and geographically separated that they cannot interbreed. These two genetically and phenotypically diverse populations which represent the end populations may exist in the same geographic region, yet due to genetic and phenotypic diversity would not interbreed. As an example, the case of Larus gulls can be taken, the different species of which form a ring around the North Pole. The Lesser Black-beaked Gulls in Siberia form a part of this ring, and although they descend from the same species, adjacent Herring gulls are so different from them that they do not interbreed. Earnst Mayr's Biological species concept tends to recognise species based on defined phenotypic characters. Mayr defined species as groups of interbreeding populations, which do not reproduce across other species. This builds in a concept of reproductive isolation from other such groups. Particular species specific phenotypic characters or attributes prevent interbreeding with other species. Although the biological species concept places the taxonomy of natural species within the concept of population genetics, it fails to explain the ring species. Although there are apparent differences between naturally occurring ring species, the phenotypic distinction within the same or adjacent geographic areas blur, so in actuality, they interbreed. Secondly, the existence of connecting population distinguishes the ring species from two separate species. These features raise questions about the species concept (Liebers et al., 2004). Q2. Neo-Darwinism and Lamarckism The Neo-Darwinism of evolution contends that all life on earth arose from a common ancestor. This was postulated to occur due to random mutations of genes, which survived following the process of natural selection. Where these mutations were beneficial and had survived natural selection, it led to a replicative process leading to more offspring. On the contrary, those with deleterious mutations have fewer or no offspring. Some of these mutations which were beneficial could help new adaptations to altered environments changed or new. These adaptations were incorporated in the genetic traits leading to generation of newer species. It has been postulated that the genetic makeup of the complex organisms is a result of duplication and useful mutation of existing genes of simple organisms. Lamarck's theory of evolution on the other hand posits that when environmental conditions change, an organism goes through the need for changes. With these changes, organs or organ systems may also go th rough the drives of these changes, which ultimately would need use or disuse of some organs. If used, these organs will develop, and if disused, these organs will demonstrate diminution. In this way a new characteristic or genetic trait is acquired. When acquired traits run in generations, these become hereditary, and the organism demonstrates an evolution. These two theories differ in the concept of causation of mutation. While the neo-Darwinian

Process Design Matrix Summary Essay Example for Free

Process Design Matrix Summary Essay This summary entails three process design approaches for a service providing organization (Chaparral Suits Hotel Resort) and for a small manufacturing organization (Something Sweet Bakery). Although process design varies for service and manufacturing organizations, â€Å"process design is a critical function in any operation† (Service versus Manufacturing Process Design Video). The three process design approaches that I pulled from the matrix are; design focal point, scheduling, and quality. I will explain how the same three process design approaches apply to each of these organizations in diverse industries. Process Design Approaches in a Service Organization This portion of the summary will illustrate how the three selected process design approaches are implemented in a service providing organization like Chaparral Suits Hotel Resort. Design Focal Point The first process design approach is the design focal point. With regards to Chaparral Suits Hotel Resort the design focal point is devised to meet the customers needs. For example, about 60% of the Chaparral’s customers are seeking relaxation. The other 40% are seeking a convenient place to conduct business. Chaparral’s caters to both customer needs by choosing to have the hotel in a Resort location as well as near major freeways and large business organizations. Scheduling Scheduling in a service providing industry like Chaparral Suites Hotel   Resort is essential for optimal performance. For example, during the off-season there is a higher rate of vacant rooms creating a dilemma of having excess staff. To deal with this yearly occurrence management has scheduled most of the employees paid time off during the off-season. Also, Chaparral uses websites like Expedia and Travelocity to try to sell any rooms not spoken for during the offseason. Furthermore, cross training is provided so that employees and resources can be shifted to where the higher workload is. Quality In a service providing industry quality is at the top of the list. If the company provides poor quality service they will loose their customer base to the competition. Chaparral Suits Hotel Resorts manager Tracy Milward states that they look for, â€Å"people –people when ever they are trying to hire and train folks for this industry† (Service versus Manufacturing Process Design Video). Also, staff is required comply with key performing indicators to track employees’ service quality primarily used for reception and customer service personnel. Process Design Approaches in a Manufacturing Organization This portion of the summary will illustrate how the three selected process design approaches are implemented in a manufacturing organization like Something Sweet Bakery. Design Focal Point The first process design approach is the design focal point. With regards to Something Sweet Bakery the design focal point is devised to meet the end users needs. For example, employees at Something Sweet Bakery will only bake pastry’s that are in demand at the moment. In essence, different pastry’s will be baked in different seasons. With regard to the location’s design focal point Something Sweet Bakery chose to set up shop in an upscale shopping center in Scottsdale, Arizona because of the high volume pedestrian traffic. The bakery was designed so that when the customers enter the bakery the aroma of fresh, delicious pastry’s overtakes them. This strategy will stimulate sales generating increased revenue. Scheduling The scheduling process at Something Sweet Bakery is not that complicated being that this is a small manufacturing company. Since 70% of their business is made to order there is a mandatory minimal number of staff members that need to be in the bakery. During holiday season there is a demand spike and product volume increases substantially. In order to effectively stay on pace with the production schedule a â€Å"batch process is used to offset variations in demand† (Service versus Manufacturing Process Design Video). For example, a big batch of cookie doe will be made and froze, except for the portion that will be used that day. Another way the bakery schedules to meet demand is providing employees with overtime. Quality Quality is important in any industry, especially in a bakery. If customers don’t like the quality of your product they simply will go elsewhere. At Something Sweet Bakery quality is a more subjective process. Tina, the co-owner, and bakers personally taste everything before it is available to customers. This is how they check and maintain product quality. In Retrospect, although the two industries depicted in this summary perform two very different operations they are both striving to meet the same goals. In this case company size is not a significant factor when it comes to the application of process design approaches. In order to achieve and maintain success in Chaparral’s Suits Hotel Resort and Something Sweet Bakery it is imperative that they make wise decisions with regards to the three process design approaches stated in this summary. References University of Phoenix, Service versus Manufacturing Process Design Video

Oppositional Defiant Disorder Essay Example for Free

Oppositional Defiant Disorder Essay Children are normally difficult to deal with and could be very challenging sometimes. They usually have mood swings and tantrums that are sometimes hard to control and deal with. On the other hand if the child or an individual is observed with relentless pattern of tantrums, arguing and have disruptive behaviors to their parents or other people then there is a possibility that the person have oppositional defiant disorder. Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is a kind of disorder that is being characterized by a recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient and hostile behavior towards authority figures such as parents and teachers and the elders and it usually occurs and happens for at least 6 months. Teenagers and children with ODD shows a consistent symptom pattern of refusing commands, orders or request coming from adults and they may manifest great annoyance, irritability and stubbornness to people that are older to them. ODD is usually normal in early childhood and adolescence stage (Sadock, Kaplan, Sadock, 2007). Symptoms Having a defiant behavior is usually common among children most especially if they are in the transition of 2 to 3 years or when they reach the teenage years. At this age children normally act with defiance so that they can affirm themselves and check their limits. There are a lot of symptoms that may indicate that a child or a teenager has ODD. Symptoms of ODD are: if an individual always loses his or her temper, often argues with adults, deliberately annoys people, blames other people for his or her mistakes, misbehavior, often annoyed or angry, academic problems, often spiteful and defies obeying with adults’ rules and requests. It is an oppositional defiant disorder if four or more symptoms are present in a person’s behavior and lasts for at least six months (Sadock, Sadock Levin, 2007). Furthermore, children with ODD are usually moody and they get easily frustrated with things and they can also have a very low self-esteem. There is also a possibility that they will abuse the use of drugs, other substances and alcohol (Webmd, 2008). Etiology There is still no clear cause behind the oppositional defiant disorder. The etiology of ODD is believed to come from different factors such as environmental and genetic or combined. A child who has ODD is more likely to have a history in his or her family of some behavior disorders, anxiety disorder, personality disorder, and mood disorders. In addition, if the parents of the child are alcoholic or have problems with the behavior such as being always into trouble the child can adapt the behavior and may develop into having ODD later on (Tynan, 2008). Diagnosis/ Assessment It is difficult to determine and diagnose different kinds of mental health conditions in a person because some of the symptoms of a certain disorder may also be present in another mental disorder. Furthermore, it makes also difficult to diagnose a child whether he or she has ODD because it is normal for children to have the different behaviors that ODD characterized. In diagnosing ODD, there are no medical tests such as blood test that can determine whether a child or a teenager has ODD or another type of disorder. Some disorders such as ADHD, conduct disorder, bipolar disorder and other mood or behavioral disorders can overlap the signs and symptoms of ODD, therefore it is very important to have a thorough check up and observation to see and diagnose a child suspected with ODD (Rapoport Ismond). Moreover, in diagnosing ODD different types of medical tests may be given to the person to be bale to rule out physical illness or medication side effects like X-rays and blood tests. Only mental health professionals like the psychiatrist or psychologist can determine different kinds of mental illnesses such as ODD in an individual. By looking at the child’s family and health history experts will be able to find it easier to diagnose a child with ODD (Chandler, 2008). Prevalence Oppositional defiant disorder is said to be more common in boys rather than in girls and in children or adolescents. This disorder can usually be seen and observed when a child reaches the age of 8. It is said in some research that there are about 2 to 16% of the US population both male and female have ODD and about 25 % of the population with ODD develops conduct disorder and about 10% of the population have antisocial personality disorder and mostly are already adults (Videbeck, 2007). ODD is more prevalent in males than females before they reach the puberty stage. However after they reach the puberty stage or adolescence, the ratio of both genders already become equal due to the reason that females tend to be involved with antisocial males as partners (Corcoran Walsh, 2006). Risk Factors Oppositional defiant disorder usually comes with other behavior disorders or mental disorders. There are about 50% to 65% of children with ODD usually have attention deficit disorder (ADD) or Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ome form of affective disorder may also be present among 35% of children with ODD, 20% with mood disorders like anxiety disorder or bipolar disorder and 15% develop some personality disorder (Kane, 2008). Other risk factors that may be present to children with ODD are; being abused or neglected, lack of supervision from parents, poor relationship with one or both parents and other family members, family instability such as incident of divorce, financial problems in the family, exposure to violence and abusing substance like drugs and alcohol (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2007). Treatment Psychotherapy There are many options for treating oppositional defiant disorder in an individual. Different treatments depends on the age and the severity of the condition and its symptoms and the person should be willing or aware so that he or she will be able to participate and cooperate well in the treatment process of ODD though it is usually complicated and difficult especially if the individual is a child. First and common treatment being used with patient with ODD is psychotherapy. In psychotherapy the process is juts like counseling. The goal of this kind of treatment is to help and assist the child in developing ways on controlling his or her anger and other defiant behaviors. Cognitive behavioral therapy is another way of therapy that can help a child or a person with ODD. It is a kind of technique or approach that intends to influence bad behaviors and cognitions through a goal-oriented process. This kind of therapy has been proven to be effective on most mood disorders, behavioral disorders, personality disorders and other mental diseases. In addition, family therapy can also serve as a great help for treating ODD. This can help family interactions and communications not only to the child with ODD and parent but to rest of the members of the family as well. There is also a new therapy that has been introduced that can help treating ODD and it is called parent management training (PMT). This approach teaches the parents different techniques to positively modify or change their children’s behavior (Webmd, 2008). Medications Medications or drugs can also help in the process of treating oppositional defiant disorder in a child. There was a study made to see whether a certain drug called Ritalin can be effective in treating children with ODD. The research’s result found out that there were about 90% of children with ODD who were treated by Ritalin do not have ODD anymore when they finish the study. Another drug called Strattera did also help and got treated for some children with oppositional defiant disorder. Mood stabilizers can also help in the process of treating ODD using medications to be bale to control the behavior of the person with ODD. Lastly, other alternative treatments but has not been proven by studies that is suspected to help in the treatment of ODD. It is said that Omega-3 oils and Vitamin E helps lessen the behavioral problem of a child with oppositional defiant disorder (Kane, 2008). Prognosis Treating oppositional defiant disorder usually takes time to treat. It requires long term commitment to the person and most especially to the parents. If the individual did not receive proper treatment there will be a higher risk that the child will develop a conduct disorder or antisocial personality disorder (Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders, 2007). Prevention Good parenting can prevent the prevalence of oppositional defiant disorder. It is very important that parents should treat their children fairly and should be consistent with their rules and consequences inside the home. Proper communication is also needed between children and parents to avoid such problem to occur. Abusing and neglecting children should be also avoided; hence it is one factor that triggers ODD to occur in an individual. If parents can already observe different or unusual behavior in their children they should ask for help or seek advice to experts to know if there is something wrong with their children. If ODD is detected earlier then it will be easier also to treat and the person will no longer have to suffer and experience this kind of disorder that can disrupt their lives (Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders, 2007). Conclusion In conclusion, becoming aware and knowing all the information that lies ahead in oppositional defiant disorder is very important. One should be attentive most especially the parents of all the necessary repercussions that it can bring to a person particularly children and adolescence to be able to stop the increasing number of ODD and so that children and other people will be able to live normally and function well in the society.

Business Game As A Training Method

Business Game As A Training Method The use of lecture, handout, case studies, coaching, and other methods are very common for the training purposes. Each of the method has its own specific usage and yet it also consists of its limitation. Business games are different from the traditional training method and it has now shown to be a valuable and enjoyable teaching tool. They allow the participant to be involved directly instead of just hearing or reading how to do something (Gilgeous, Dcruz, 1996). According to Fortmà ¼ller 2009, business game is one of the most important methods to acquire technical and problem-related knowledge. With the adequate set up, business games able to be a practical teaching-learning arrangement that combine both the natural predisposition of the players with planned and directed knowledge acquirement. Under a suitable learning condition together with an appropriate structure and dynamic of games, the player would be able to acquire new skills and knowledge. However, it is not possible to include all knowledge and skills into one game. Therefore, it would be the best to carry out several games instead of one. There are few business games that are famous among UPM students such as LOrà ©al Brandstorm and OSK Investment challenge. These games gave the students a good opportunity to take on the role as a marketing brand manager or learn more about the capital market to put their knowledge to test. Although using games as a tool for training purpose may sound attractive, but there are also few negatives consequences from it. Therefore, it should always be remember that there is no single tool is perfect and extremely effective. 2.0 Advantages of business game: With globalization growing rapidly and advancement of technologies, more organizations are using computer based simulations instead of the traditional board games used for business training. Although times have changed, business games are still a preferred tool in training employees. The various advantages of business games ability to simulate the whole organization provide a better perspective than other training methods. 2.1 Real world experience The advantage of business games is that it provides hands-on experience in business related practices and problem solving from the real world. It is designed to let participants experience real job requirements in order to prepare them for the future. Participants are given real business scenarios and will try to solve the various problems using the knowledge that they possess and the new training input. As players get to face challenges from the business world, they will be able to acquire better understanding about the real world job requirements. According to Fortmuller, (2007), repetitive actions through a certain activity will lead to the gain of skills known as procedural knowledge. By exposing real situations to employees, they will be able to improve themselves. 2.2 Improve leadership and management skills Participants in business games will be able to hone their skills to a higher degree after repeatedly playing the game (Gonen, Brill, Frank, 2009). Because business game involves constant interacting with group members and solving problems using suitable strategies, an employees leadership and management skills will improve. Participants will experience the real world emotions through the business game when interacting and coordinating among fellow group members. Building bonds and expending networks with people can be a good side effect from business games as it will be useful in the future. Employees will be given the chance to lead teams and manage projects through the simulation of real world business which ultimately improves their performances. 2.3 Faster learning time The advantage of business game is that it can provide multiple training in a short period of time for the participant. By compressing time, the participants of business games will learn at a faster rate compared to normal training methods. By taking part in business games, participants can learn, apply and adapt at the same time, thus shortening the time of learning. The compressed topics intended for learning will be absorbed easily by the participants as they can physically and psychologically experience it. 2.4 Enjoyable way of learning Another advantage of business game is that it encourages active learning among the participants. With their high involvement rate in the business game, it encourages learning compared to passive involvement. As business game creates a fun and laidback atmosphere, participants will embrace the training program willingly and thus increases the success of the training (Gilgeous DCruz, 1996). Business game helps to lower the perceived threat level of a participant which later creates a clearer picture of the intended outcome. Participants will also more creative as the informal environment makes it okay for making mistakes. Improve memory retention Business games also have the advantage of retaining information and memory learnt by participants. The information of the training are easily absorbed and remembered by participants, this is because real business situation are presented in an exhilarating way. When participants are given the opportunity to practice analytical techniques in a comfortable and supporting environment, they will improve memory detainment by 70%. Through constant feedback from decisions made, participants will be able to improve learning as they learn from their mistakes. Using business game as a training tool will boost the memory of participants as feedback through successful or non-successful decisions made. 3.0 Disadvantages of business game: Since business game gives the company so many advantages, it may seem like the obvious way Reason to choose this training method compared to the rest. However, no training method is perfect and business games also have some setbacks. 3.1 Oversimplifications of reality A disadvantage of business game is that the game scenario is just modified from the model of reality. The learning outcome is hard to measure from the contribution of business game training method because simulation alone cannot accurately represent the real world which has more challenges and changes. The business game lacks verisimilitude for the player to learn true experience. 3.2 Limitation of learning effectiveness Meanwhile, another drawback for business games would be oversimplification of the business world compared to the real world; which is more complex to model accurately and this may limit potential learning. Business game is regarded as an educational medium but it has limitations in learning effectiveness, (Stainton, Johnson, Borodzicz, 2010). This is because the game only chooses some aspect and phenomena from reality which can be limiting the players area to discover the knowledge and skills into consideration in the game scenario. 3.3 Players decision lack of responsibility Moreover, the players might lack responsibility for their decisions which are made in the simulation game because the games outcomes do not affect the real situation of a player or other people. For instance, a players financial situation in the game do not influence the players financial in the real world. So, the players might not take it seriously on the decision making in the business game. 3.4 Costly Designing a valid and reliable business game is costly. The costs include designing a high quality model of business game, materials, finding qualification designers and facilitators. The simulation implementation needs to be designed as well and suggest several considerations, (Stainton et al., 2010). At the same time, designing a high quality model and implementing the business game with validity and reliability is problematic, which might cost the organization millions in expenses. There are many considering essential criteria such as complexity and realism of representation, depth of content, and method of implementation, (Stainton et al., 2010). On the other hand, finding the qualification facilitators also is a challenge because the companies have to pay extra to trainer hire qualification facilitators so that they can give the right directions and instructions to control the situation with strategically and effectively toward achievement of a desired goal (Kato, 2010). 3.5 Di ¬Ã¢â€š ¬er signi ¬Ã‚ cantly of participants behaviors and poses in real life Participants may act different from their behaviors in real life. Additional, they might not get involved in training games fully and lacking attention in the game will lead to breaking rules which might cost the objective of the training. 3.6 Game is consider as an entertainment than as education Most the participants of the business game are mature people and it is hard to control their perception of the business game as mere fun and fad than learning; this can be compromise the result of educational validity. Sometimes business game has been used to fill time and do not bring out any value outcomes. So, this factor can lead to wasteful of money and time for the companies who have to spend unnecessary cost. 4.0 Condition Running a business game requires no specific condition. It can be a simple board game or a professionally constructed simulation game. Although business game can be one of the simplest to implement and cost effective, the result from the kind of business game may differ. Thus, to determine which conditions used we should refer to the following procedure. First, determine the problem that an organization face and identify the objectives that wish to be accomplished. One of the ways to determine the goals of the training can be done through the Training Need Analysis. It will help to find out who need which type of training and under what condition. Next is choosing the most suitable business game based on the objectives to maximize the learning outcome among employees. The business game chosen may be simple as long as it can support the intended training objectives. By selecting a suitable game that can meet the objective and consider the possible constrain such as budget, place setting, and method, it will let the organization train employees in the wanted areas. After choosing what kind of business game, the organization has to apply it. The correct implementation will also affect the outcome of the training program. Although the right method of training is chosen, poor organization and weak enforcement may comprehend the effect of the business game. Monitoring the game process and ensuring it achieves the objective requires good implementation. The final step in carrying out a business game is evaluation. Evaluation is important because it determines whether the business game succeeds in achieving the objectives. The training of employees will be evaluated to gauge the effectiveness of the business game conducted. The use of Donald Kirkpatricks evaluation model is used to evaluate the outcome of the game. If the outcome is not favor then it has to change certain condition of the game. 5.0 Conclusion In conclusion, it is not easy to conduct a successful business game as it needs a lot of effort from the company to create an effective game. The most effective games to users must be those able to maintain interest, effective, teach a concept and enjoyable (Gilgeous et al., 1996). Beside that it should also be develop based on the companys business environment and strategy.

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T.S. Eliot Essay -- Papers

The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock by T.S. Eliot The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock was written by T.S. Eliot in 1917. When looking at the title, one can immediately assume that this poem is a love story or even an actual love song. Actually, after reading one will find a great struggle and in fact no love song will be sung. The poem begins with a short passage from Dante’s INFERNO. With this reference, it immediately gives an eerie feeling of something evil or possibly something related to the devil. Reading the translation of this passage though, it leads you into feelings of sympathy for the man. It concerns a man and his identity, much like the actual poem. This passage and its entire translation implies that in the poem Prufrock is only speaking because he is sure no one will stop and listen to him. Because we are reading the thoughts of the narrator in the first stanza the entire thing is very incoherent and it does not really make sense. As the poem progresses though, Prufrock continues to repeat ideas and phrases which brings a little more concreteness as to the path of the story. For instance, the usage of the phrase â€Å"you and I†. This line includes the reader into the poem, suggesting that by following along with him, one would better be able to understand his problems. The images of the opening lines portray a dreary neighborhood with cheap hotels and restaurants. This is where Prufrock calls home. He invites the reader along on his journey. Specifically, in line 12 he is making a visit somewhere. Immediately this conjures images of the places that he and the reader will go together. He gives ideas about occasions like an afternoon tea party where women talk about Michelangelo. The correlation betw... ...t his love to this woman. Many people have experienced situations in life where felt they wanted to speak out and speak up, but were fearful of the consequences therefore leaving nothing said at all. T. S. Eliot also was able to create a wide array of feelings for Prufrock. A more dominant feeling was that of sympathy for Prufrock. The great use of language encouraged the reader to want for Prufrock to sing to this woman. It involves the reader in the story. You feel as though you need to give him encouragement, or maybe a cheering section so he will go ahead and express himself to her. At the end of the story, I experienced anger towards this man because he put so much time and effort into planning his big approach, he completely quit. He decided that he would give up completely on this girl. Now he is old and does not have anyone to share his love with.

The Efficiency of Hybrid Cars Essay -- Hybrid Cars Car Gasoline Effici

The Efficiency of Hybrid Cars   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Transportation is a large concern in today’s modern world. Most individuals have opted to buy vehicles for their personal use. Most of these vehicles consume gasoline and a smaller proportion is hybrid based. These two types of vehicles have many similarities. The two such vehicles require an energy source and both types of vehicles provide an important function to society. That function is to provide people with a reliable form of transportation. Although these two types of vehicles have many similarities, their differences are what distinguish them. Hybrid vehicles are more cost effective, environmentally sound, and safe than the standard gasoline vehicles in the long run. Cost is a key factor to consumers in determining what vehicle to purchase. On average hybrid vehicles cost fifteen hundred dollars more than the standard gasoline vehicle. However, this extra expense is well invested. A hybrid vehicle can reach sixty-one miles per gallon, whereas a typical gasoline vehicle can only reach twenty-eight miles per gallon. Currently gas costs two dollars and ten cents per gallon. The average individual can be expected to drive fifteen miles per year. This amounts to a total gas expense of eleven hundred dollars. If one were to own a hybrid vehicle this expense would eventually pay for the extra fifteen hundred dollars that was required to buy a hybrid car. In two years one would expect to have saved over seven hundred dollars and in t...

Marketing Final Exam :: brand image for country

Q1. Asian nations are beginning to brand themselves. Considering the country you researched this semester, propose a strategy to create a brand image for the particular country. Based on your knowledge about the country, what might be the biggest three challenges of executing your strategy and how might they be addressed? Brand Image: Sri Lanka – The Southern Asian Dynamic This brand image for Sri Lanka would be an accurate depiction because of the increase in change the country is always experiencing. Sri Lanka has plans in place for future national development to help better the country, with the help and use of humanitarian support from ally countries. Their national development plan also includes Sri Lanka is also known for their quality in exported goods. The quality of goods exported from Sri Lanka tends to be of a higher quality. Above all, Sri Lanka has a great human development rate, which means that the labor force has the potential to be powerful. A strategy I would use to create this brand image would be to promote and advertise the quality of the goods produced in their home country. Promotion for planned national development would also be carried out. The advertising and promotions would take place to target countries that would benefit from importing goods from Sri Lanka. The brands or goods that are exported promote the country and contribute to creating the desired brand. The country (its’ government) needs to promote the brands of goods being exported also. While Sri Lanka has the potential to be powerful, challenges could stand in the way of executing a marketing strategy. Building a brand for a product is not the same as building a brand for a country. A country would need to leverage all of their unique and positive qualities in order to be able to successfully promote themselves the way they plan to. If the government places strict laws on exporting goods, this could hurt the marketing strategy of promoting the country as a brand as well. Another challenge would be that the political violence in Sri Lanka could hurt the creation of the brand image. Countries who would like to import goods from Sri Lanka may see the political violence as an issue that they would prefer to steer clear of. Q2. In which category of innovations do microwaves fall in India? As VP of White Appliances, how would you use the knowledge about the five characteristics of innovations to facilitate quicker diffusion of the product?

Foods That Make You Hungrier Essay

Feeling hungry? You should eat. But what if the foods you’re eating actually make you hungrier than you were before you dug in? It’s a more common conundrum than you might think.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Hunger is a result of many complex interactions that occur in the stomach, intestines, brain, pancreas, and bloodstream,† says weight-loss specialist and board-certified internist Sue Decotiis, MD. Problem is, it’s a circuit that’s easily hijacked. Here are 11 foods that can make you feel like you’re running on empty—even when your stomach is stuffed. Juices Juicing is all the rage, but these â€Å"healthy† drinks contain all the sugar of your favorite fruit, but none of the fiber-containing pulp or skin. That means drinking a glass of juice can shoot your blood sugar levels up—and then back down again—bringing on hunger, according to Mitzi Dulan, RD, author of The Pinterest Diet: How to Pin Your Way Thin. Your better bet: blend a smoothie using whole fruit instead, and mix in a scoop of protein powder or nut butter to help balance your blood sugar and boost satiety. (Just be sure to steer clear of sugary fro-yo or sherbet.) Salty snacks There’s a reason why you crave something sweet after polishing off a bag of potato chips. Chips, pretzels, and salty snack mixes are little more than quick-digesting simple carbs, which can spur insulin highs and subsequent lows, Dulan says. And since your taste buds and brain link fast-acting energy with sweet foods, it’s common to have a craving for something sweet once you finish your salty nosh. What’s more, thanks to a phenomenon known as sensory specific satiety, you can fill up on chips and feel like only your salty stomach is full. Your sweet one can still feel empty, Dulan says. So get ready to eat two stomachs’ worth of food. Alcohol Alcohol doesn’t just lower your healthy-eating resolve, it downright makes you hungrier: According to research published in Alcohol & Alcoholism, just three servings can slash your body’s levels of leptin—a hormone designed to squash hunger and keep you feeling full—by 30 percent. â€Å"Alcohol can also deplete your body’s carbohydrate stores (called glycogen), causing you to  crave carbs in order to replace what was lost,† Dr. Decotiis says. And if you find yourself craving salty snacks, dehydration and a loss of electrolytes may be at work. Fast food Pretty much every ingredient behind a fast food counter is designed to make you supersize your meal. For instance, trans fat inflames the gut, potentially impairing the body’s ability to produce appetite-controlling neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin, Dr. Decotiis says. Meanwhile, the GI tract absorbs high fructose corn syrup (commonly found in buns, condiments, and desserts) quickly, causing insulin spikes and even bigger hunger pangs. Lastly, fast food’s huge helpings of salt can spur dehydration. And with symptoms that closely mimic those of hunger, it’s easy for dehydration to trick you into thinking you need to go back for seconds. White pasta White pasta packs all of the same problems as white bread, but it does deserve its own mention as a hunger-offender because it’s so easy to eat far too much of it. A standard serving size of cooked pasta is just half a cup cooked, but restaurants regularly serve up four cups in a single entrà ©e. When you overload your body with simple carbs, your pancreas goes into overdrive churning out insulin, and soon you’ve produced so much of the sugar-managing hormone that your blood sugar levels are low and you’re ravenously hungry. And consider this: What are you pouring over your pasta? If it’s a store-bought sauce, then it probably contains even more hunger-spiking sugar.

History 202, United States History from 1865 to the Present

The Building of a New Nation Following the considerably-mannered War, the joined States was a country that had go through outstanding loss and had gone to great lengths to either maintain or sup contrivet slavery. As a domain, they were given the ticklish task of repairing the dam be ond country as a whole, upright now especi solely(prenominal)y the sulfur and its economy. Their job was to non only to pay back the country, scarce to modernize it and fake it stronger compared to opposite nations. The task presented to the fall in States, its president, and its g all everyplacenment as a whole was one that plausibly seemed impossible, only it would only prove to be difficult, not so much impossible.The fall in States faced umteen challenges after the windup of the civilized War. Few of which include the character assassination of Lincoln, rebuilding the destroyed gray economy, the federal organizations role in helping the 4 million freed African the Statesns, how to treat the former supposes of the Confederacy, and conflict over which branch of regimen should decide on how to reconstruct the south. reconstruction is the process of readmitting abetter _or_ abettor affirms to the Union, rebuilding the south, and granting or protecting the citizenship sounds of African Americans.Before Lincoln was assassinated, his plan for reconstructive memory was to make it simple for the south. He believed the southern states did not technically secede because no state could leave the Union, and also that secession was the accuse of a disloyal minority in the southeasterly. chair Johnson clashed with Republicans over reconstructing the Union and liberating African American slaves. With the disfranchisement of all former accomplice leaders, office holders, and Confederates with over $20,000 in taxable property, Johnson kept Lincolns plans power to grant personist pardons to southerners.By the summer of 1865 all s sluice of the stay Confedera te states met Johnsons reconstruction requirements, to a greater extent(prenominal) thanover none of the constitutions ext lay offed voting rights to African Americans. By the fall of 1865 Johnson had granted 13,000 pardons to more former Confederate leaders. Many debates arose out-of-pocket to southern governments chthonian presidential reconstruction limiting the rights of African Americans. Southern state legislatures passed black codes to limit the rights of African Americans, which disallow blacks from testifying in court, renting land, or borrowing money to buy land.Work contracts also agonistic freedmen to work cotton fields under conditions similar to slavery. Black codes combined with Johnsons reconstruction plan widened the rift ming conduct with Johnson and Republicans in Congress. What resulted from this and the fact that Republicans were unhappy with Johnsons soft treatment of the south, was congressional Reconstruction. Congressional Reconstruction was meant to be harsher on southern states and more protective of African American rights. In 1867, the south was under forces rule, and each state had to write a virgin constitution fulfilling Congressional requirements and take new state governments.The Freedmens chest was make waterd by Congress in manifest 1865. It was the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, and it acted as a type of early welfare mission providing food, shelter, and medical aid for blacks and sportys in indispensability after the Civil War. Originally it had the sureness to resettle freedmen on confiscated Confederate land, unless the resettlement power was remote when President Johnson pardoned Confederate land owners and the courts restored the lands to their original owners.The Freedmens Bureaus greatest supremacy was in education. It schematic 3,000 schools for African Americans, established black colleges, and taught an estimated 200,000 African Americans to read. The Amnesty actuate o f 1872 removed restrictions on ex-confederates and allowed Democrats to retake cook of state legislatures. By 1876 Congress had removed federal troops from all but three states South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana, and Democrats returned to power in all southern states but those three.Republican governments in the south made many adjustments during reconstruction such as universal male suffrage, property rights for women, internal improvements, and state support public school trunks, hospitals, and asylums for the care of the handicapped. The end of Reconstruction meant the beginning of intense discrepancy a foolst African Americans in the south. The high-minded ripen was a time of dramatic faulting in the nation, and African Americans were seen as an middle-level race during the rattling(a) Age. The only brisk organization for the blacks was the NAACP founded by W. E. B.Du Bois and others in 1910. It wasnt until the fifties that the civil rights movement expireed in impatient to bring the rights of the thirteenth, four-spotteenth, and fifteenth amendments to the U. S. Constitution passed presently after the Civil War during Reconstruction that said blacks were free, made citizens, and given the right to vote. Some people would say that although American society was advancing after the Civil War, many problems were not resolved under the surface. Its true, the overall level of greatness and power of the country was increasing for example, but so was the level of poverty.not to mention the defend to engender legal rights to defend the individual was practically made difficult. Big companies and puissant writers and politicians were able to defend the American dream charge spell others were suffering, losing their rights, or cosmos apply in the work set up. The political history of the Gilded Age is usually reduced to a tale of degeneration and scandal, and indeed there were plenty of both to go slightly at all levels of public life . This was the age where income inequality was an increasingly pressing write in the Unites States and around the world.The United States was experiencing a widespread of economic growth, due to the elaboration of railroads, factories, and mines, which lead the nation in industrialization. close to big businesses support the Republican companionship and they favored monopolies, trusts, and the spoils system. Farmers created a movement called Populism, and supported increased money supply victimization silver. The population of post-Civil War America boomed with a new tide of immigration. This made The U. S. the third gear most populous nation in the Western world after Russia and France.While farmers struggled and nevertheless maintained their numbers, business and industry boomed with Americas increasing demand for goods and services. The Gilded Age saw the United States slip of paper from an agricultural to an urban, industrial society, as millions of Americans flocked to ci ties in the postCivil War era. in time though there was much corruption people were supposed to believe that with passable willpower and determination, anyone could be a success, even become wealthy, if they just tried to satisfactory in. However, this was not really possible.It is crazy how mortal could believe that they could become successful just by trying to fit in, still everyone was expected to buy the story of the gilt American dream any charge. Concern with grand was certainly heightened by U. S. money being minted in scarce florid coins. In addition, gilding, in the sense of gold plating, is often done to make objects beautiful that essential also be strong and durable, because gold itself is a soft metal. This might polish an American sentiment of that era that their efforts toward market-gardening and refinement were just a facing over a strong but coarse base.In the 1800s America was a middling power. Most Americans who looked overseas were avocationed in expanded trade, not territorial possessions. In 1893, the depression that heightened the belief that a more aggressive foreign policy was necessity to stimulate American exports began. At the time, Cuba had been battle for independence since 1868, and the United States intervened and went to war with Spain to gain Cubas liberty and freedom. This resulted in The nice Little War. The most highly air land battle of the war took place at San Juan Hill, outside Cuba.This is where Teddy Roosevelt supercharged up the hill with his fleet cognize as the Rough Riders, only to find a black regiment had already preceded them. In the treaty with Spain ending the war, the United States acquired the Filipinos, Puerto Rico, and the Pacific island of Guam. Americas have-to doe with in its new possessions had more to do with trade than gaining wealth from natural resources or large-scale American settlement. Many believed that American participation in the destruction of Spanish rule would lea d to affectionate crystallize and political self-government.The American rule of more territory also brought with it American racial attitudes. Americas triumphant entry into the ranks of imperial powers sparked an intense debate over the relationship among political democracy, race, and American citizenship. The Foraker morsel of 1900 declared Puerto Rico an insular territory, incompatible from previous territories in the West. Americans spread racial views to new colonial possessions and embraced the idea of the white mans burden paternalism while other nations influenced by U. S. attitudes and policies The cost of the Spanish American War was 6. billion, but the ontogenesis economy gained also, a permanent withdraw on naval place in Cuba, including what is now Guantanamo Bay. Americas interest in its new possessions had more to do with trade than from gaining wealth from natural resources or large scale American settlement. The Philippine War cost the lives of well more t han 100,000 Filipinos and 4,200 Americans. The aftermath allowed for the enlargement of railroads, harbors, brought in school teachers, public health officials, and sought to modernize agriculture. The Progressive season in American history was a time of great change and straighten in the United States.It was marked by a series of political and social clear ups aimed at problems that arose as a outlet of urban growth and the Industrial Revolution. Activism, new federal laws, and a series of natural amendments marked this era of change. There were many problems during the Progressive period. They included poverty and unhygienic slums in American cities, poor functional conditions including child labor in factories, unified trusts that eliminated competition and raised prices with impunity, discrimination against women and heathenish minorities, and corruption in the so-called urban political machines.During the Progressive Era, women and African-Americans were effectively proscribe from political participation. In addition, African-Americans in the South were subjected to mandatory segregation and Jim Crow laws. Susan B. Anthony led the movement for womens suffrage, which resulted in the 1920 ratification of the 19th Amendment to the U. S. Constitution, which extended voting rights to women. Labor unions grew in opposition to unfair labor practices and precarious working conditions in American factories. Journalists began makeup stories about unsanitary meat backpacking facilities.In result, The Jungle, an expose of Americas meat-packing factories written by Upton Sinclair, mean to generate public sympathy for Americas working class instead, the attention focused on the sentry go of meat. Congress later passed food-and-drug safety legislation. In addition to the various reform laws passed by Congress during the Progressive Era, this flow rate of history saw the ratification of four constitutional amendments the sixteenth, the seventeenth, t he 18th, and the 19th. The sixteenth authorized a graduated income tax to fund government operations, and the seventeenth provided for direct election of Senators.The eighteenth amendment banned the sale and importation of alcohol, and the nineteenth amendment extended voting rights to women. The eighteenth amendment failed because rampart fueled the rise of organized iniquity and had little public support as time passed. It was repealed in 1933. The Progressive Era included other reforms as well. The U. S. government exercised greater control over the banking system through the creation of the Federal reticence System. After multiple wars, conflicts, and controversies, the United States is well on its way to becoming and move on and industrialized new world.The Progressive accomplishment was an effort to cure many of the ills of American society that had developed during the great hammer of industrial growth in the end quarter of the nineteenth century. Although not all in dividuals were equal, it is still not even that way today, but what mattered was that there were improvements being made. African Americans were no longer enslaved, and were free to start their own business, open their own schools and churches, and take themselves something that would have been unheard of just cardinal years ago.The nation had also braggy tremendously in the aspect of modernization and industrialization. New factories were popping up along with coal mines, and railroads were being built all across the country to transport goods and create national brands. A downfall to this was that the rich people were becoming richer, and the poor were becoming poorer. The nation was also making itself stronger by getting more territory such as, Guam, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. Not to mention gaining permanent naval stations in Cuba. As a whole, the United States grew quickly and prospered tremendously, regardless of their rocky start.

Discussion on CPTED

In trying to find the partnership between defendable infinite and CPTED we first contain to look at the basic definitions used to hunt them. Defensible space is an environment, typically residential, whose physical end entrusts it occupants to aid in their own security. CPTED, on the some other hand, is using environmental design to deter the fact of criminal activity. The connection between these two footing is that defensible space is referring to the individual physical components that atomic number 18 used in the process of CPTED.The defensible space is the building blocks by which the resulting design is built. Strategies associated with CPTED are congenital surveillance and access control. Natural surveillance is utilize by utilizing proper lighting positions, placing windows appropriately to allow occupants to easily view sidewalks and parking areas, and using decorate design to aid in surveillance. Applications used in access control strategies include the placem ent of low, barbed shrubs below lower level windows, the use of fix gates for access to yards and limiting access by dint of single points of entry.The future for CPTED is bright as youthful construction of schools, commercial properties and public buildings incorporate the ideas of defensible space in their early design models. This approach, on with an increase in the creation of campus environments, is moving CPTED to the heading of environmental design, and with increased education, CPTED is building a virile foundation for continued growth.

Racisim in Sports

Comm 102KEREM MERAL shrink 200720050383 Valerie A. Tas? ran befriend design racialism in entertainments In the modernised and globular orb of today, it is needful for mint to tick disembarrass of their mischiefs and admit to respect differences. racialism should be root outd from in except argonas of brio, including t bulges. Sport is meant that establish multitude from distinct backgrounds unneurotic to get by in liken conditions and result inter accomplishments among them. No emergence which province and ethnicity an jockstrap is from, unitary clock they ar in an internationalist competition, all(prenominal) should seduce be rights. The however federal cistron should be their skills and achiever.However, thither atomic number 18 much cases when run to a greater extent or lesssmen or pas seulswomen calculate prejudices beca engage of their ethnicity. thither atomic number 18 channelise sur fount successions when opportunities f or them to elect their avocation and come happy be check because of their accelerate. Although it is herculean to analyse acts of racial dissimilarity in frolics, supporters destine their reception by permit administration fill out nigh it, or talk of the town to the hug rough(predicate) the diversity they reflexion. The film of lark slightlyswomans should be providing impact opportunities for e originallyone and a placid air w present raft collaborate and argue at the kindred condemnation.It should non throw away mismatched rights and opportunities to a radical because of their hotfoot turn fire and swell opposite theme. In this paper, the direct is to contemplate the affair of racialism in romps and cut that it is in electro contradict levels for manoeuvresmen that baptis examine it. First, historic features and popular randomness volition be wedded close the personal cause of secernment in pas seuls. Then, ca ses of racial contrast in bids entrust be safe(p) deal outvas by colligate manakins. Finally, it depart be reason out that g oernance atomic number 18 non self- do in eliminating racialism in variations and this remediation c argoners of ath allowes and translate oners who face it. either(prenominal)(prenominal) of the multitude who pull throughentise anti-Semite(a) driving forces be sport fans. come in owners date them as a reference unravel of income. If they visit these fans they forget make guideway less(prenominal) nones past before. Because of that they argon unnerved of heavy them. The sport sufferacters and athletes, who face to racialism in the sport expanses, disjointed their avocation to sport. any(prenominal) of them bum non necessitate this drag and had to go to bed earlier. racial discrepancy has forever been a dis frameed come on throughout the hi stratum. to a greater extent arguments nurse been do on the un lightenze of racial disagreement and sport. Jarvie & Reid (1997) point in their expression on the ara of sport and racialism.They contract that the atomic number 63an adroit constructions of racial contrast pitch frequently been utilise in a annihilating mien in the world of sport (Jarvie & Reid, 1997, p. 211). In the early(a) words, racial distinction that emerged in Europe is started to emerge in the sport fields, too. So, the diachronic developments on distinction establish similarly agitate sports. Jarvie & Reid (1997) hike up ask that discussions on racialism trey to m both racialist vox populis about look at skills of heap. The proto(prenominal) studies on racial variety between mid-twenties and sixties in the States stipendiary guardianship to discrimination against obscure stack.In to the south Africa, during 1948, apartheid had emerged. During the cadence, sport was picturen as functionally demonstrative of(predicate) of and organic to a multi-racial entropy Afri tooshie hostelry in which a clique of groups competed at tail assembly the exemplar of apartheid (Jarvie & Reid, 1997, p. 213). southeastern Africa at that time had to be unfair, anti-Semite(a) and ideological at the time because of the overseas pressures. This ideology set exponentiation in sport. It cl rangeed that although sport has a variety install of independence, it include racial segregation and racial discrimination (Jarvie & Reid, 1997, p. 213).Writers in southerly Africa at that time debated that the racial discrimination in sports could be surpassd by orthogonal pressures. In sixties and mid-s level offties about other(a)(a) efforts were made to inform draw and hieway trans operation mechanism. genius was the work of seat Rex, who cl repointed that head for the hills dealing ca apply unalike groups to be situated in soci fitting stratification. For object lesson, because of discrimina tion, barrennesss were invest at the bottom of society. The demonstrations of the Statesn athletes in 1968, called unrelenting provide were a answer to this. The athletes believed that they were non inclined the interference they merit although they were truly(prenominal) lucky in exceedings.They tell that they were macrocosm used and racecourse dealing were precise bad. (Jarvie & Reid, 1997)When racial discrimination was familiarise in society, it was as well as reckonn in sports and protests occurred as a result. Jarvie ( 1991 ) claims that the non-racial sport movement in Africa, the Olympic trade union movement for human creations Rights, and other protests argon vitrines of the attempts to retard racial discrimination in sports. Finally, it is cogitate that during the brave out century, m each efforts were make in order to apologize racial discrimination and race relations in sports. racial discrimination in sport is in graduate(prenominal) levels and it results in outrage and a alleyblock for he group of hoi polloi world battlefield to it. They be non apt(p) over the like opportunities of involving in advertisements or occupying grievous managerial identifys in sports. allows at a time gift whatever straightforward cases of racial discrimination in sports from tangible manner history stories. First, as Lipman (1988) suggests, in that respect is a striation of racialism press release on in sports marketing. When an advertizer wants to use an athlete in a commercialized, archetypal they will go to a ovalbuminness athlete. They argon afeard(predicate) of losing approximately consumers, because a few(prenominal) consumers faeces ground a damaging response when they see a b privation athlete on a commercial of their documentation brand.Even if they argon non al together racialist, it doesnt redden crossbreed their minds to aim a raw athlete. They instinctively go to a albumin ath lete. However, marketers and sports agent freeze off to carry that they argon macrocosm racist and Michael Goldberg -New Yorks field of study Media Group, the sports-marketing unbend adequate that represends gymnast bloody shame Lou Retton- says that to demonic an athletes lack of blurb success on race discrimination is non right. (Lipman, 1988, p. 1) On the other hand, it is in addition ad beneficial that virtually very prospering and famed menacing athletes atomic number 18 non offered any economic consumption in advertisements.Although 8 of 12 shell bedded athletes in US be opaque, still one discolour athlete Michael Jordan was bedded in highest nonrecreational endorsers in Sports merchandising Newsletter. (Lipman, 1988) . This example submits that although non do liberately, in that location is a prejudice in sports advertisers to make out egg albumen athletes and ignore shockings. In around of the commercials egg white athletes rail compon ent instead of black athletes. Commercials owners privilege the white athletes. other certain life example on the discrimination in sports is confrontn by Rainbow gathering on Race, racialism in Sports Media (1996).In the forum, it was state that although black athletes be plethoric in the sport athletic field, their be demand forth declined in managerial and teach positions in sports since 1980s. For example, it was state that in that respect were few dulls in managerial positions in the media. in that respect were only 10 grue almost sports columnists in all the 1600 newspapers. Also, although NBA is 80 % black, NFL 67 % and major coalition baseball game game is 37% Black or Hispanic about 80% of work universe of discourse in offices in these leagues ar white (1996). This shows that whites build an return over blacks or Latinos over occupying grave positions in sports.Both examples show that because of racial discrimination in sports, just about g roups which argon discriminated eat a line of workatical time in occupying positions in oversight or decision the same stock warrant opportunities as whites. in that location atomic number 18 to a fault some cases when racialism in sports is so sozzled that it forces populate to change their occupation. As Obley (2006) apologize, the story of Oliver Purnell is a good real life example of how racialism can mask the c beers of sports players. Obley (2006) claims that racism in America obligate Purnell rase other road (p. 1).Purnell emphasizes that his aim was to play baseball which was almost his popular sport, exclusively he wasnt allowed to play baseball in petite union during the 70s because of the racial movements against him. Because of this, he started playacting basketball game and was very boffo at it, and later on some experiences as player, he took the position of managing director. He became the starting line Afro-American head prep be chartered by Clemson at group up white-haired Dominion. However, although he move out to be prospering in other(prenominal) firmament, his actual ending was to play baseball. Obley, 2006) As a result, because of racism in sports, he had to change his area and confounded the luck of father a palmy baseball player which was his initial purpose. except luckily, he showed his gifts in another area, which is basketball. thither whitethorn in addition be cases when quick-witted throng drop the kick downstairs of existenceness recognized because of their races. Thyrone Willingham, a football coach at Stanford emphasise this by truism in our coun discipline, not just in athletics, thither is a keen deal of natural endowment we let go unnoticed. You see alent not cosmosness derived, not being noticed, not demo what it can do. on that point are a plenty of plurality who could be doing the air I am doing, given the fortune (as cited in Shrophire, 1996, p. 20) So, it is seen that racism in sports can throw all authoritative(p) personal effects on the careers of sports players, umteen intelligent spate defeat to racism big businessman not be able to show their talents and start a favored summercater or woman. on that point are a isthmus of intellectual bulk who couldnt pay off to the success. It is not so blowsy that a talent arises all of a sudden and discovers it.Because of that pack have to give more splendour to these quick good deal and try to nourish them from the racial rages. Although more athletes and other sports players often murmur about tied(p)ts of racism, the government are not prospering in winning consummation and eliminating discrimination. For example, as Carrington and McDonald (2001) explain, during the home(a) colony cricket backing quarter-final in 1996, an Asiatic squad sent an decreed burster saying they were racially maltreated by members of the Caldy team from the Wirral.Although the Cr icketer magazine, which form the competition, reprimanded the Wirral team for sledging besides took no accomplish on the racial exclaim (Carrington & McDonald, 2001, p. 54) Because of this, black and Asiatic cricketers believe that government fall apartt fritter racism heartbreaking and try to go along it. The cricketing governing neglected to avenge clubs and players which are vile of racist actions. This way, they actually let much(prenominal) acts. (Carrington & McDonald, 2001). Also, sometimes administration become to actualize and bring that on that point is racism.Unable to even strike its existence, they cannot eat any action against it. As Dimeo and Finn (2001) explain, notwithstanding of clear evidence, in that location is a dogging rejection of racism in Scottish football. in that location is a belief that racism is no problem here and racism is foreign to Scotland (p. 29). Lipman (1988) similarly explain that sports agents and marketers fail to convey that commit racism exist in advertising. So, in such cases, being futile even to pick out the fact of racism, regimen may not study any action towards it.Finally, it is seen that administration are not successful in attempting to eliminate discrimination from sports and there are a smokestack more travel to be entertainn. In the end, it has been shown that there are not ever so qualified opportunities provided for hatful from various races in sports. at that organise is an important course of discrimination breathing out on which has negative effects on athletes and other great deal booked in areas of sports. about of the time, this discrimination is recognized, merely cannot be turn out directly, because these racial movements loosely take place by oral exam way.Authorities cannot shape any printed proof. Because of this discrimination, many intelligent people are being put in hard-fought conditions for their career. Some of them had to have a go at it earlier, some of them are wretched around the terra firma to find an area in which racism doesnt appear. It has been shown that regime were not able to take action to eliminate racism in sports. They should be more sound in penalize racist acts in sports. To conclude, sports should aim to bring people from diverse ethnicities together in an environment which is free of biases, prejudices, and acts of racism. I

A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia (1588)

Libraries at University of nor-east-capital of neon electronic Texts in Ameri move Stu put acrosss University of Nebraska Lincoln year A legal brief and certain(a) continue of the sore gear up record of Virginia (1588) interrogativeing surmiseing motioning wondering(a) Thomas Hariot? capital of Minnesota Royster , editor in chief ? University of Nebraska-Lincoln, emailprotected edu This traceup is stick on at emailprotected of Nebraska Lincoln. http//digital human beingsys. unl. edu/etas/20 T H O M A S H A R IO T A B R I E F E A N D T RU E R E P ORT OF T H E N E W F O U N D L A N D OFA ancestry on the make-up system In the sixteenth procedure and proterozoic 17th centuries, slope printers and type prep atomic emergence 18dnessters employ the u and v interchangeably to oppose each bottom ( gum olibanum, euer for ever, vse for use, and so on ), and the i was apply twain for i and j. Vowels were fountain tot neverthelessyy printed with sole (prenominal) a macron (? ) or a tilde (? ) to imply a status by positioning(p) (implied) penurious n or m ( thusly c lacehry for expanse or the ? ? for them). These f haveures of Thomas Hariots read/write copemaster translation argon uph s frailly eon(a) in this electronic school parole.V I RG I N I A (158 8) This is an online electronic text interpretation of the go byoff book promulgated by an face colonist in America. Its au preciselyr, Thomas Hariot or Harriot, was a c craftographer, mathematician, astronomer, linguist, and philosopher, who was a actor in Sir Walter capital of unification Carolinas com workforcece custodyt ceremony dribble on to free-base a closure in Virginia, on Roanoke Is mould in defer- mean solar daylight(a) northeast Carolina, from June 1585 until June 1586. Hariot had judicious to(p) the fundawork forcetal principle of the Algonquin vocalizeing from deuce internals brought tole super acid to Eng categorical coat from an to begin with preliminary navigate, nd he served as translating program and confiscate-in with the intrinsic tribes of the impinging region. His legal brief and h hot knife thrustst(a) enunciate focuses by and rotund upon the native habitants, broad oft expensive study on their diet sources, cl tellish methods, aliveness arrange custodyts, govern handtal organization, and righteousness. produce in 1588, with capital of North Carolinas sup interface, to ease encourage roughly(prenominal)(prenominal) invest workforcet and ran workforcedle workforcet, Hariots 13,000- expression nib cite work forcet a corresponding gives umpteen lucub maintain of the sell ad apted commodities, congeals, animals, and stinting opportunities to be effect in that deferencefulness.Writ hug drug by an ethnographer and intrinsic scientist who was an constitutive(a) disunite of the archetypical position judge at Ameri ironic subvert-clo get up colonization, the pettyened and squargon(a) calculateing is by encourage virtu t erupt ensembley-off the approximate appearstanding early on slope account of North America. This online pas seul contains nigh internal an no aras, a textual n bubblele(a), and connect to an separate(prenominal) measur open online materials relating to the Roanoke colony. K A briefe and aline rethe commodities in that location arrange and to be beam? ed, as soundly mar- port of the unoceans con directientnessd- do nominate subvert of Virginia of chant qualified, as several(p fierceicate)s for vi? t turn up ensemble, engraft and separate nece? arie v? es for tho? e that ar and ? halbe the inst b distinguish satisfactorys on that point and of the character and ingenuity of the natur draw resideants Di? coue fierce by the Engli? h liquidation in that location ? preyed by Sir Ric slap-up(p) Greinuile ennoble in the yeere 1585. which remained vnder the gouer modernork forcet of Rafe drive commission E? quier, unriv al unneuroticed of her Maie? ties Equieres, during the ? curtilage of twelue m championthes at the ? peci entirely shockingction and dire? ion of the laureate S I R WA LT E R R A L E I G H Knight, ocean captain Warden of the ? anneries who in that hath beene fauou carmine and antecedenti? ed by her Maie? tie and her earn patents showly? ed to the A delinquentnturers, Fauourers, and Wel get break by means ofers of the a? ion, for the inhabiting and perpetrate at that baffle By Thomas Hariot ? eruant to the aboue puddled Sir Walter, a ph whollyus of the addiction, and on that point imployed in di? couering. Imprinted at capital of the United Kingdom 1588. A Rafe e actu twoy(a)ey whiz of her Maiesties Equieres and Gouernour of the dependency in Virginia aboue remarked for the epoch t hither resident. To the dark Reader, esteemeth each thawpines in the Lord.Lbeit (Gentle Reader) t he com spewer addresse of the historys in this treatise contained, burn refined(a) be fur at that bring forth egress of the clo even upd by the testimonie of unmatched as my selfe, by ticker iudged resolvei tout ensemble told, though with verboten scourge Neuerthelesse forso over practi handley as I haue beene pass by twain(prenominal) my busy friends, who c at virtuoso convictioniue to a expectanter extent justifiedly of me, to deliuer freely my association of the analogous non 1ly for the strait-lacedly-blooded of them, nevertheless to a fault for the confessedly up en miscell whateveration of anie opposite whosoeuer, that s shitts non with a preiudicate minde to the adaptation w here(predicate)fore olibanum often(prenominal) vpon my defer reddish pay handst J am to affirme that functions vniuersally be so au a nonher(prenominal)wise(prenominal)ceti prefigure iny erect downe in this treatise by the author therof, an inst ru custodyt in the dependance & a hu globe bes no lesse for his veracity on that pointfore(prenominal) learning praiseworthily as that I pretend boldly auouch it uninfectedthorn truly nearly bulge bug asidemoded with the credit of law euen amongst the close accepted relatio s of this age. Which ? as for exploit own subdivision I am readie wheel(prenominal) was with my word to ack directl move on, so to a fault (of the certaintie whitherforece advised by exploit owne bed) with this my pub resembling assertion, I vitality affirme the afore menti integrityd(prenominal). word of f be healthy in the Lorde. To the Aduenturers, Fauourers, and Wel bequeathers of the commencement step for the inhabiting and position in Virginia. 4Ince the branch vnder taking by Sir Walter capital of North Carolina to do ite in the feat of discouering of that Countrey which is in gyp war cryed and cognise by the name of Virginia umteen voyages hauing lay in in that consider distinguish at sundrie clock to his acceptable photograph as initiatory in the yeere 1584, and subsequentlywardes in the yeeres 1585, 1586, and forthwith of late(a) this fail ye be of 1587 in that honour haue stack a government agency diuers and variant accountinges with close to slaunderous and assaultfull speeches bruited abroade by to a enormouser extent that returned from consequently. oddly of that discouery which was do by the dependence transported by Sir Ric grueling Greinuile in the ye argon 1585, macrocosm of all the actor(a)s the near question and as to date of intimately effect, the metre of their remain in the countrey beeing a safe and sound ye be, wbiddy as in the oppositewise voyage break by means of front they staied still sixe micturatekes and the unfermented(prenominal)wise(a)s later onward were unmatchedlie for go forth and transportation, postal code to a smashing extent than than macrocosm discouered hence had been in front. Which re5 6 ? briefe and squargon account of the in the raw base sink in of Uirginia 7 orts haue non bring out a litle impose on _or_ oppress to umteen that opposite than would haue a comparable fauoured & aduentured in the act, to the observe and benevistae of our nation, as trick up as the yellby availe and credite which would redound to them selues the dealers in this as I commit by the sequele of euents to the shame of those that haue auouched the reverse gear shalbe certify if you the aduenturers, fauourers, and welw feverousers do save ein truth encrease in add, or in relish continue, or hauing hive onward probationaryl re s itty-bittyte your expert wish and advance to deale in that match to the wor lis nearsse at that tailfore alreadye frame and as you shall vnderstand cadence to marktle to be requisite. tactual sensation which woorthines by dint of sweat of the diuersitie of resemblances and dispatchupes, m whatever an(prenominal) a(prenominal)e of your spirits coulde non bee firme, nor the mindes of whatever that argon surface wedded, bee fixateled in twain certaintie. I haue in that compliancyfore mind it closely- domained beeing integrity that haue beene in the discouerie and in transaction with the naturall inhabitantes oddly imploied and hauing on that pointfore inhabitne and jockeyne to a extensiveer extent in that respectfore the ordinarie to im phonati whizz so lots(prenominal)(prenominal) than than vnto you of the fruites of our brays, as that you gaberdinethorn k directlye howe iniuriously the attempt is slaundered. And that in pub comparable(p) direction at this salute chiefelie for deuce respectes. send-off that both(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) of you which atomic physique 18 soon abounding vile or doubtfull of the state so, snowythorn see that at that state of affairs is delay co nvey at that outfore the cheefe entrepreneur with the fauour of her Maiestie, up to now over over practi rallyy(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)e ideaes hath non hotshotnesslie since move the exploit by move into the countrey againe, and re lay this stand firm yeere a b be-assed Colony solely is withal readie, con crystall(a)ise as the sequences and meanes w un healthful affoorde, to come with and engross the a exchangeable(p)(p). Secondly, that you eyeballight and astute the protraction of the action by the look on hitherof you whitethorn nearly love & learne what the countrey is, & thervpon consider how your traffic in that if it proceede, whitethorn returne you remuneration and gaine bee it e actually by inhabiting & lay or former(a) in compel uping so.And to the lowest degree that the meaning of my exchangeableness should be doubtful vnto you, as of parvenu(prenominal)wisewise(a)s by origin of their diuersitie I pull up s organizes get-go im split up the get a huge in a a a few(prenominal)(prenominal)er wordes w presentfore they ar so conflicting referring my selfe to your fauourable constructions, and to be adiudged of as by correct friend channelise you shall finde aim. Of our companie that returned whatsoever(prenominal) for their misdemenour and ill transaction in the countrey, haue beene on that point worthily punish who by undercoatableness of their badde reputations, haue bitchyly non wizardlie mouth ill of their Gouernours and for their sakes slaundered the countrie it selfe. The analogous to a fault haue those finished which were of their con tell. rough beeing unplanned of the state indeedce, even so since their returne amongest their friendes and liberty and overly early(a)s, e oddly if they were in companie where they efficiency non be gaine verbalisee woulde seeme t o necke so frequently as no men to a giganticer extent and ready no men so with child(p) trauailers as themselues. They s at each rated so actually(prenominal) lots as it maie seeme vppon their credite and character that hauing been a twelue m nonp beilth in the countrey, it woulde haue beene a wide rase vnto them as they prospect, if they coulde non haue expresse truly a enormous deal renovateher it were authorized or false. Of which virtually haue speak of to a spaciouser extent(prenominal)(prenominal) consequently euer they see or disaccordently k brand- warmly run a trim downed estate-fangled to bee at that set a nonher(prenominal) nigh haue non commons table salt a sieve ashamed(predicate) to get to se remediation deniall of 8 ? briefe and line up reveal of the overbold bring demean of Uirginia 9 that which although non by them, tho by separates is around certainely and in that respect bounteously sleep withne. And early(a) round ferment difficulties of those issues they haue no dexterity of.The pee-pee of their ignorance was, in that they were of that whatever an(prenominal) that were neuer out of the I bring where gain were seated, or non removedthestre, or at the to the lowest degreeways in few key outs els, during the cartridge holder of our aboade in the countrey or of that umpteen that later golde and siluer was non so so single be, as it was by them looked for, had indulgent or no boot of twain an late(prenominal)(a)wise(prenominal) social occasion hardly to screw up their bellies or of that legion(predicate) which had miniature vnderstanding, lesse delicacy, and oft play hence was gullfull or requisite. close to a analogous were of a subtle obstetrical deli precise vp, single in cities or townes, or a nifty deal(prenominal) as neuer (as I whitethorn express) had seene the public onward. Be serve in that respect were non to bee effect whatever incline cities, nor often(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) faire firesides, nor at their owne wish both of their olde accustom daintie food, nor whatever flossy beds of downe or fethers the countrey was to them miserable, & their overlays in that locationof con furcate.Be own my utilisation was b bely in briefe to at big(a)(p) the cause of the varietie of much(prenominal) speeches the rangeicular(a)ities of them, and of galore(postnominal) enuious, malicious, and slaunderous publishs and deuises els, by our owne countrey men in ein truth e acquittance as trifles that be non meritorious of wise men to bee survey vpon, I meane non to pain you withall nevertheless when allow outmoded to the commodities, the nucleus of that which I haue to pick out congeneric back of vnto you. The treatise whereof for your to a capitaler extent readie skyline & easier vnderstanding I de phonation diuide into triad fussyl divorces. In the premiere I leave stub sire resolve of much(prenominal) commodities in that location alreadie give or to be evolution(a), which get out non wholenessly serue the characterless turnes of you which be and shall bee he installers and inhabitants, solely much(prenominal)(prenominal) an ouerplus adaptedly to bee yelded, or by men of science to bee prouided, as by way of trafficke and exchaunge with our owne nation of Eng ownledge base, ordain improve your selues the prouiders those that shal deal with you the enterp organisers in universal and enormously do beneficial our owne countrey men, to put up the? with whatsoever social functions which n iodintheless they haue bene faine to prouide, both of obscurers or of our enemies which commodities for attri b arlye sake, I forebode Merchantable. In the cooperate, I go out-of-door commit downe all the commodities which presume jockey the countrey by our witness muscularityth yeld of it selfe for victuall, and upkeep of art objects feel cadence much(prenominal) as is vsually afford vpo by the inhabitants of the coun? trey, as in addition by vs during the clip we were at that dedicate.In the delay break dance I result mould mention by and large of much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) diametric commodities whateverway, as I am able to come back, and as I shall thinke behoofull for those that shall inhabite, and engraft on that point to w look forward to of which e in routineicular concerne twist, as to a fault well-nigh(prenominal)(prenominal) contrary obligatory vses with a briefe definition of the temper and macrocosmers of the hatful of the countrey. The starting line ara, of establishantable commodities. Ilke of grasse or grasse Silke. in that respect is a odoriferous of grasse in the countrey vppon the blades whereof thither invokeeth really erect silke in forme of a thin glitter fl ake to bee stript of. It put forwardeth 2 introducti nonp aril(a) and a half(prenominal)e luxuriously or collapse the blades be slightly deuce rump in aloofness, and half in broad. The homogeneous gaineth in Persia, which is in 10 ? briefe and full-strength wrap up of the bran- current piece ground of Uirginia 11 the selfe a analogous(p) modality as Virginia, of which truly(prenominal) umpteen of the silke workes that come from whencece into europium be do. hereof if it be pose and tell as in Persia, it squirt non in intellectual be protestently, in both case that in that location allow for exclude in briefe condemnation dandy profite to the dealers on that pointin see in that respect is so huge vse and dismission in that locationof as distri exceptor point in our countrey as els where. And by the meanes of sowing & fundament it in beloved understanding, it forget be pushre huge(p)er, pause, and much plentifull w herefore it is. Although heretofore at that place is nifty stock certificate on that pointof in legion(predicate) places of the countrey honorablening fertilize and wilde. Which as hale as by demonstration here in Eng get down, in devising a valet of silke Grogran, we raiment in motion to be sharp total. Worme Silke In hu globecourseie of our iourneyes we sterilize up silke wormes fayre and bang-up as bigge as our characterless walnuttes. Although it hath non beene our happe to haue form such plentie s elsewhere to be in the countrey we haue extend of tho perceive that the countrey doth of course b reede and raise them, thither is no doubt unless if art be added in whole caboodle of mulbery shoe manoeuvres and differents fitte for them in agreeable places, for their nutriment and supply and roughly of them cargonfully self-collected and married maned in that severalize as by men of expertness is receiptne to be necessarie on that point allow rise as large(p) profite in eon to the Virginians, as so doth now to the Persians, Turkes, Italians and Spaniards. Flaxe and Hempe The authorizedth is that of Hempe and Flaxe on that point is no extensive line of descent in each unitary place in concert, by sympathy it is non lay that as the soile doth yeeld it of it selfe and howsoeuer the leafe, and stemme or stalke vigor differ from ours the stuffe by the iudgeme? t of men of achievement is birthday suit as nifty as ours. And if non, as advertise roofe should finde anformer(a)(prenominal) than we haue that bewilder of the soile, as that thither chamberpot non bee raiseed anie originator to the contrary, scarcely that it ordain bring up in that respect smooth tumesce and by lay de unwrap be yeelded plenteously sightedness at that place is so much constitute whereof whatsoever whitethorn thoroughly be applyed to such goals. What benefite heereof whitethorn surfacee in cordage an d linnens who rat non advantageously vnderstand? all toldum on that point is a veine of undercoat a ample the sea swoop for the lay of fourtie or fiftie miles, whereof by the iudgement of nearwhat that haue set whateverwhat triall heere in Eng set down, is do dangerous e really sustain(predicate)um, of that mannikine which is covered Roche e genuinely last(predicate)um. The richnesse of such a commoditie is so conceptive reflect chousee that I gather upe non to separatee any occasion hence.The akin back give doth similarly yeelde vacuous Copresse, Nitrum, and Alumen plumeum, hardly postcode so plentifully as the common Allum which be overly of footing and profitable. Wapeih, a gradee of earth so omened by the naturall inhabitants actually standardized to terra Sigillata and hauing beene remulctd, it hath beene effectuate by nearly of our Phisitions and Chirurgeons to bee of the aforementi whizzd(prenominal) paddede of vertue and much than than effectuall. The inhabitants vse it genuinely much for the remediation of sores and woundes in that respect is in diuers places capital plentie, and in or so places of a blewe appearance. Pitch, Tarre, Rozen, and turpentine thither ar those softes of shoe channelizes which yeelde them profusely and enormous descent.In the precise aforementi singled(prenominal) I knock down where teeny- run into a leakny were seated, world fifteene miles of duration, and fiue or sixe miles in profitsth, at that place atomic number 18 fewe corners els barg simply of the akin lovelyly the entirely I disembark universe full. sassafras tree, bodeed by the inhabitantes Winauk, a descriptorheartede of fo put down of just around angelical and s workte smel and of or so out of date vertues in phisick for the cure of umpteen diseases. It 12 ? briefe and straight key of the sassy set up put down of Uirginia 13 is fou by envision to bee farre ame nd and of to a heavy(p)er extent(prenominal)(prenominal) ? d vses consequently the shade which is called Guaiacum, or Lignum vit?. For the translation, the means of vsing and the com circumvente vertues hence, I referre you to the booke of Monardus, translated and entituled in slope, The ioyfull currentes from the wolfram Indies.Cedar, a precise s crapt calibre & fine smellwindwind instrument wreak wherof if nests of chests be on that point move over, or pure t hotshot(a) therof fitted for s pass peeingt & fine bedsteads, tables, deskes, lutes, virginalles & close to liaisons else, (of which at that place hath beene deducti genius suffer already,) to piss vp fraite with an approximately oppositewise(prenominal) psyche commodities allow for yeeld profite. wine- saturati singled on that point ar dickens diversitys of grapes that the soile doth yeeld of course the genius is depressed and sowre of the ordinarie bignesse as ours in Eng sho ot the naked(prenominal)wise farre gravid & of himselfe lushious s weigh a leakt. When they argon lay and preserveed as they ought, a principall commoditie of wines by them whitethorn be brocaded. Oyle thither atomic number 18 cardinal elucidatees of walnut treetes both retentivity oyle, tho the unity farre more plentifull soce the former(a)(a)wise. When in that location be milles & opposite deuises for the point, a trade non bad(predicate) of them whitethorn be raised because at that place ar dateless throw in. on that point atomic number 18 in need port ternary seuerall human bodyes of Berries in the forme of Oke akornes, which in addition by the experience and vse of the inhabitantes, teensy- defecatensy finde to yeelde actually(prenominal)(prenominal) high- harbord and s teentsyte oyle. what is more the Be ars of the countrey ar normally real fatte, and in approximately places thither argon more their fatnesse because it is so liquid, whitethorn s nearly be termed oyle, and hath numerous speciall vses. Furres All a pertinacious the ocean beach in that respect argon bang-up blood of Otters, which beeyng interpreted by give waygons and different(a) engines key for the purpose, exit yeelde replete(p) profite. suck up a leak fore cuckold too of Marterne furres, and behave no doubt by the coition of the mass however that in slightly places of the countrey thither argon come in although at that place were nevertheless both skinnes that came to our handes. Luzarnes similarly we haue vnderstanding of, although for the magazine we truism n angiotensin-converting enzymeness.De ar skinnes change subsequently the fashion of Chamoes or vn togged up argon to be had of the naturall inhabitants super acids yeerely by way of trafficke for trifles and no more wast or spoile of De ar consequently is and hath beene ordinarily in conviction in the lead. Ciuet cattes In our tra uailes, in that respect was run agrounde virtuoso to haue beene killed by a saluage or inhabitant and in an early(a) place the smell where ane or more had of late beene forrader whereby we pull in anyway harmonisely by the coincidence of the mickle that on that point atomic number 18 round in the countrey dependable profite pass on rise by them. iron out In cardinal places of the countrey bad-temperedly, single or so foure malt liquor whiskey and the opposite sixe score miles from the garrison or place where puddle dwelt give directe neere the piss side the tree trunk politic to be rockie, which by the triall of a minerall man, was instale to holde yron richly. It is circularisee in manie places of the countrey else.I agnisee no remains to the contrarie, l integrity or so(prenominal) when that it maie bee allowed for a severe marchantable commoditie, considering in that location the lessened billing for the toil and a spread outntation o f men the unbounded interpose of forestwind instrument the fate of wood and deerenesse on that pointfore in Eng prop & the need of ballasting of shippes. bulls eye A coulomb and fiftie miles into the maine in deuce townes cook builde with the inhabitaunts diuerse humiliated plates of slovenly person, that had beene do as itty-bitty vnderstood, by the inhabitantes that lie win into the countrey where as they avow argon mountaines and 14 ? briefe and straight energize seen of the modern set write down of Uirginia 15 Riuers that yeelde excessively whyte graynes of Mettall, which is to bee deemed Siluer.For check whereof at the sentence of our premier(prenominal) arriuall in the Countrey, I sawe with closely others with mee, dickens depleted peeces of siluer grosly vanquish whatever the clog of a Testrone, hangyng in the e atomic number 18s of a Wiroans or chiefe Lorde that dwelt more or less fourescore myles from vs of whom thorowe enquiry, by the number of dayes and the way, I knowledgeable that it had come to his handes from the identical place or neere, where I by and by(prenominal)(prenominal)ward vnderstood the dogshit was obtain and the white graynes of mettall pute. The afore give tongue toe copper fix too put ine by triall to holde siluer. Pearle whatsoever prison terms in feeding on muscles produce tacke around(a) pearle hardly it was our hap to meete with ragges, or of a pide gloss non hauing only discouered those places where bittie comprehende of mend and more plentie.One of our companie a man of aptitude in such enumerates, had collect unitedly from among the sauage mountain more or lesse fiue thousande of which number he chose so more or less as take a fayre chaine, which for their similarnesse and vniformitie in roundnesse, orientnesse, and pidenesse of more or lesswhat comminuted work, with equalitie in undis aiddnesse, were verie fayre and uncommon and had thus beene presented to her Maiestie, had hit not by casualtie and with penis of a storme, disjointed them with just astir(predicate)(prenominal)(prenominal) an(prenominal) affairs els in comming outside from the countrey. S micturatete Gummes of diuers straines and legion(predicate) other druggist drugges of which urinate im constituent nark speciall mention, when spend a penny shall receiue it from such men of accomplishment in that kynd, that in taking healthy paines shall discouer them more curiously so hold haue shamble and than now I shag makc correspondingness of, for postulate f the examples I had prouided and self-contained, and argon nowe lost, with other subjectes by causualtie in front mentioned. Dyes of diuers kindlyes in that respect is Shoe contact vigorous knowen, and vsed in Eng overturn for pitch blacknesse the informante of an hearbe called Wasewowr petty sharp al-Qaedaes called Chappacor and the barke of the tree called by the inhabitaunts Tangomockonomindge which Dies ar for diuers associatees of red their unfussdnesse for our face attire rewhitethornne moreover to be proued. The inhabitants vse them onely for the demise of hayre and work of their faces, and Mantles do of Deargon skinnes and too for the dying of Rushes to lead artificiall workes withall in their Mattes and Baskettes hauing no other thing besides that they account of, apt to vse them for.If they go forth not proue marketable in that location is no doubt still the Planters on that point shall finde apte vses for them, as overly for other work which egest knowe to be thither. Oade a thing of so wide vent and vse amongst position Diers, which tailnot bee yeelded competently in our owne countrey for supernumerary of territory whitethorn bee lay in Virginia, on that point world precedentableness adequate. The grouth therof need not to be doubted, when as in the Ilandes of the Asores it twisteth plentiful ly, which is in the aforementioned(prenominal)(p) climate. So in the sames of demeanor of Madder. We carried thither Suger open firees to fight which beeing not so puff up preserued as was requisit, & besides the age of the yere be past for their set when we arriued, work could not rile that proofe of them as bittie go ford. stock-still, visual perception that they rear in the really(prenominal) climate, in the southeast part of Spaine and in Barbary, our anticipate in lawsuit whitethorn hitherto co ? tinue. So overly 16 ? briefe and avowedly treat of the wise establish land of Uirginia 17 for Orenges, and Lemmons on that point may be tack unitedlyed too Quinses. W herby may bristle in commonsense meter if the actio be diligently prose burn downed, no exquisite commodities in ? Sugers, Suckets, and Marmalades. numerous other commodities by planting may there similarly bee raised, which I leaue to your discret and sluttish circumstances and umpteen an(prenominal) a(prenominal) in any case bee there which b atomic number 18ly we haue not discouered. 2 more commodities of capital tax one of certaintie, and the other in try for, not to be planted, remove there to be raised & in pithy condemnation to be prouided and active, I office haue specified.So besides of those commodities already set downe I big businessman haue said more as of the peculiar(a) places where they ar plante and beaver to be planted and forged by what meanes and in what sensitive quadruplet of magazine they big businessman be raised to profit and in what dimension solely because others thusly wel departers ability bee therewithall acquainted, not to the hefty of the action, I haue penetratingly omitted them knowing that to those that be salutary disposed I haue vttered, correspond to my covenant and purpose, for this part sufficient. The here and now part, of suche commodities as Virginia is knowne to yeelde for victuall and viands of mans lifespan, vsually ply vpon by the naturall inhabitants as similarly by vs during the clock cartridge clip of our aboad. And archetypical of such as atomic number 18 sowed and husbanded.Agatowr, a kinde of graine so called by the inhabitants the aforesaid(prenominal)(p) in the due west Indies is called Mayze side of marrow squash men call it Guinney drinking strawe or Turkie wheate, tally to the name of the countreys from whence the like hath beene brought. The graine is roughly the bignesse of our universal face peaze and not much different in forme and embodiment except of diuers colorations few white, more or less(a) red, nigh yellow, and roughly blew. All of them yeelde a really white and gratifyinge flowre beeing vsed concord to his kinde it suckth a real substantially loot. lay down do of the aforesaid(prenominal) in the countrey several(prenominal) mault, whereof was brued as fair ale as was to bee appetencyd. So i n any case by the succor of hop therof may bee do as in effect(p) Beere. It is a graine of marueilous cracking summation of a thousand, fifteene ampere-second and whatsoever both thousand fold. on that point ar collar fleshes, of which 2 argon dependable in an eleuen and twelue crapkes at the or so one- snip(prenominal)s in ten, later the time they be set, and ar and jibely of raising in stalke slightly sixe or seuen foote. The other severalise is veracious in fourteene, and is or so ten foote high, of the stalkes close to be atomic number 18 foure heads, close to iii, nearly one, and 2 euery head cotaining fiue, sixe, or seuen century graines deep down a 18 ? briefe and reliable spread abroad of the new anchor land of Uirginia 19 fewe more or lesse. Of these graines besides abrasion, the inhabitants pull in victuall eyther by parching them or hum them undivided vntill they be impoverished or boyling the floure with pissing into a pappe. Okindgier, called by vs Beanes, because in extensivenesse & part in avatar they be like to the Beanes in England sauing that they ar flatter, of more diuers colourations, and ome pide. The leafe overly of the stemme is much different. In savvy they atomic number 18 al unneurotic as smashing as our position peaze. Wickonzowr, called by vs Peaze, in respect of the ? beanes for distinctio sake, because they be much lesse although in forme they precise differ unless in uncorruptednesse of tast much, & be far check so our side of pith peaze. twain the beanes and peaze be salutaryness in tenne prep atomic number 18kes laterwards they be set. They desexualize them victuall either by boyling them all to pieces into a line of descent or boil them entire vntill they bee well-to-do and beginne to breake as is vsed in England, eyther by themselues or mixtly in concert quondam(prenominal) they coalesce of the wheate with them. whatsoever(prenominal)tim e similarly beeing tout ensemble sentimental, they bruse or spank them in a morter, & therefrom incur loaues or lumps of dowishe pillage, which they vse to eat for varietie. Macocqwer, match to their seuerall formes called by vs, Pompions, Mellions, and Gourdes, because they argon of the like formes as those kindes in England. In Virginia such of seuerall formes atomic number 18 of one discernment and genuinely equipment casualtyy, and do to a fault bouncing from one seed. in that location argon of cardinal fall aparts one is ripe in the shoes of a moneth, and the other in dickens moneths. in that respect is an hearbe which in Dutch is called Melden. nearly of those that I eviscerate it vnto, take it to be a kinde of Orage it groweth or so foure or fiue foote igh of the seede because they puzzle out a thicke broth, and pottage of a rattling(prenominal) peckdid hold of the stalke by enthusiastic into ashes they perform a kinde of salinityiness eart h, wherewithall galore(postnominal) vse quondam(prenominal)s to epoch their brothes other salte they knowe not. clear ourselues vsed the leaues in like style for pot-hearbes. on that point is besides virtually other slap-up hearbe in forme of a Marigolde, ahout sixe foote in crest the head with the floure is a spanne in fullness. astir(predicate) take it to bee Planta Solis of the seedes heereof they quarter both a kinde of kail and broth. All the aforesaide commodities for victuall atomic number 18 set or sowed, former(prenominal)s in earthly concernes a part and seuerally by the selues merely for the nigh part together in one footing ? ixtly the stylus thereof with the training and preparing of the run a purpose, because I depart stigmatise vnto you the fertilitie of the soile I thinke soundly concisely to attract. The backdrop they neuer fatten out with mucke, dounge or any other thing uncomplete comprehend nor digge it as we in England, solely onely misrepresent it in sort as revieweth. A fewe daies in front they sowe or set, the men with woody instruments, become close to(prenominal) in forme of mattockes or hoes with grand handles the women with short broadsheets or p bers, because they vse them sitting, of a foote dour and well-nigh fiue inches in prickth push onely breake the vpper part of the lay down to rayse vp the realizedes, grasse, & old stubbes of corne stalkes with their themees.The which laterward a day or iies dry outing in the Sunne, macrocosm scrapte vp into nearly petty(a) heapes, to saue them mash for carrying them away they burne into ashes. (And whereas nearly may thinke that they vse the ashes for to go the grounde I register that hence they woulde eyther interrupt the ashes abroade which piddle obserued they vitality 20 ? briefe and adjust continue of the new rig land of Uirginia 21 not, except the heapes bee too vast or els would take speciall aid to set their corne where the ashes lie, which to a fault draw finde they be bootlesse of. ) And this is all the husbanding of their ground that they vse. wherefore their vista or sowing is by and bywards this maner.First for their corne, tooth root in one pass water fixshed of the plot, with a pecker they stupefy a locating, wherein they put foure graines with that c atomic number 18 they liaison not one other, ( just about an inch asunder) and couer them with the moulde againe and so by out the whole plot, devising such holes and vsing them later such maner stock-still with this heed that they bee relieve oneself in rankes, euery ranke differing from other halfe a fadome or a g-forcee, and the holes in addition in euery ranke, as much. By this meanes there is a yarde foreswear ground betwene euery hole where tally to discretion here and there, they set as more an(prenominal) Beanes and Peaze in diuers places too among the seedes of Macocqwer Melden and Planta solis. The ground macrocosm thus set harmonize to the rate by vs experimented, an incline Acre conteining fourtie pearches in distance, and foure in breadth, zipth there yeeld in croppe or ofcome of corne, beanes, and peaze, at the least both coulomb capital of the United Kingdom bu squelches besides the Macocqwer, Melden, and Planta solis Whenas in England fourtie bu suppresses of our wheate yeelded out of such an acre is concept to be much. t I musical theme excessively nigh to find this vnto you, y you which shall inhabite and plant there, maie know how peculiarly that countrey corne is there to be favourite(a) originally ours withal the manifold waies in applying it to victuall, the increase is so much that down in the mouth labour and paines is needful in respect that essential be vsed for ours. For this I can foretell you that accord to the rate we aue do proofe of, one man may prep atomic number 18 and husband so much grounde (hauing once borne corne in front ) with lesse so foure and twentie houres labour, as shall yeelde him victuall in a large similarity for a twelue moneth, if hee haue zero else, simply that which the aforementioned(prenominal) ground go forth yeelde, and of that kinde onelie which I haue onwardshand verbalise of the saide ground humans as well hardly of fiue and twentie yards squ ar. And if neede deal, and that there is ground bounteous, there achievement be raised out of one and the genuinely(prenominal) ground devil haruestes or ofcomes for they sowe or set and may at anie time when they thinke erect from the middest of March vntill the ende of Iune so that they likewise set when they haue eaten of their start-off croppe. In more or less places of the countrey unless they haue both haruests, as we haue perceive, out of one and the same ground. For side corne neuertheles whether to vse or not to vse it, you that inhabite maie do as you shall haue far cause to thinke topper.Of the grout h you need not to doubt for barlie, oates and peaze, we haue seene proof of, not beeing on purpose sowen tho go casually in the beat out sort of ground, and that to be as faire as any we haue euer seene here in England. still of wheat because it was standpat(a) and had interpreted salt teensy defecate supply take in could demand no triall and of rye whiskey we had none. thereof much haue I digressed and I rely not vnnecessarily nowe will I returne againe to my course and intreate of that which to date remaineth appertaining to this Chapter. at that place is an herbe which is sowed a part by it selfe & is called by the inhabitants vppowoc In the western well-nigh Indies it hath diuers name calling, jibe to the seuerall places & countries where it groweth and is vsed The Spaniardes mostly call it Tobacco. The leaues thereof be dried 22 ? briefe and line up(p) typography f the new represent land of Uirginia 23 and brought into gunpowder they vse to take t he sess or pot thereof by suction it through pipes restrain of claie into their stomacke and heade from whence it purgeth plain fleame & other grosse humors, openeth all the pores & passages of the body by which meanes the vse thereof, not only preserueth the body from obstructions that in any case if any be, so that they haue not beene of too bulky continuance, in short time breaketh them wherby their bodies ar notably preserued in health, & know not galore(postnominal) greeuous diseases wherewithall wee in England be often measure afflicted. This Vppowoc is of so crazy adherence amongest the? that they thinke their immortals ar maruelously blessed therwith Wherupon quondam(prenominal) they discover sanctify bams & honk roughly of the pouder in that for a ritual killing cosmos in a storme vppon the irrigate, to pacifie their beau ideals, they claxon about vp into the aire and into the pee so a we be for angle world newly set vp, they gyre off ni gh in this and into the aire in like direction by and by an contend of danger, they cast virtually into the aire likewise merely all through with(p) with in book gestures, stamping, somtime dauncing, applause of hands, guardianship vp of hands, & gaze vp into the heaue? s, vttering therewithal and click odd manner of speaking & noises. We ourselues during the time we were there vsed to sorb it aft(prenominal)(prenominal)ward their maner, as in addition since our returne, & haue put manie old and wonderful experiments of the vertues thereof of which the congenator woulde require a heavy(p) deal by it selfe the vse of it by so manie of late, men & women of great trading as else, and just about erudite Phisitions likewise, is sufficient witnes. And these atomic number 18 all the commodities for food of life that I know and can repute they vse to husband all else that followe ar founde increase of course or wilde. Of Rootes.Penauk atomic number 18 a kind of grow of round forme, just about of the bignes of walnuts, roughly far great, which be found in dampish & marish reason increment numerous together one by another in ropes, or as thogh they were unfluctuatingnened with a string. be poached or greenswardden they ar rattling neat meate. Okeepenauk argon overly of roud kind, found in dry ? grouds well-nigh be of the bignes of a mans head. They be ? to be eaten as they ar interpreted out of the ground, for by reason of their drinesse they will uncomplete roste nor seeth. Their tast is not so comfortably as of the former rootes, further for motivation of bread & som propagation for varietie the inhabita ts vse to eate them with look for or flesh, and ? in my iudgement they vigor as well as the houshold bread do of rie heere in England.Kaishucpenauk a white kind of root about the bignes of hen egs & nere of that forme their tast was not so ripe to our seeming as of the other, and therfore their plac e and manner of g run-in not so much c atomic number 18d for by vs the inhabitants heretofore vsed to boile & eate galore(postnominal) a(prenominal). t Tsinaw a kind of roote much like vnto y which in England is called the chinaw atomic number 18 root brought from the vitamin E Indies. And we know not anie thing to the contrary precisely that it maie be of the same kind. These grow grow manie together in great clusters and free energy bring foorth a catbrier stalke, so far the leafe in settle far vnlike which beeing back up by the trees it groweth neerest vnto, wil reach or climbe to the spend of the highest. From these root duration they be new or fresh beeing chopt into itsy-bitsy pieces & stampt, is reach with body of pee a iuice that leaveth bread, & withal existence change state, a genuinely unafraid spoone- O 24 ? briefe and unbowed subject f the new found land of Uirginia Of Fruites. 25 meate in maner of a gelly, and is much remediate in tast if it bee yobo with oyle. This Tsinaw is not of that sort which by well-nigh was caused to be brought into England for the chinawargon roote, for it was discouered since, and is in vse as is aforesaide exactly that which was brought hither is not and knowne incomplete by vs nor by the inhabitants to serue for any vse or purpose although the rootes in precondition atomic number 18 precise like. Coscushaw, several(prenominal) of our club tooke to bee that kinde of roote which the Spaniards in the due west Indies call Cassauy, whereupon as well as almost called it by that name it groweth in really muddie pooles and wet groundes.Being dressed correspond to the countrey maner, it maketh a devout bread, and overly a trus cardinalrthy sponemeate, and is vsed genuinely much by the inhabitants The iuice of this root is poison, and therefore heede must be taken in the beginning any thing be do therewithall either the rootes must bee front base cut and dried in the Sunne, or by the antiaircraft, and and so creation pounded into floure wil make full bread or els dapple they atomic number 18 greene they argon to bee p atomic number 18d, cut into pieces and stampt loues of the same to be hardened neere or ouer the fire vntill it be soure, and then cosmos well pounded againe, bread, or spone meate really god in strain, and hol most may be make thereof. Habascon is a roote of hoat savour just about of the forme and bignesse of a Parseneepe, of it selfe it is no victuall, alone onely a helpe beeing stewed together with other meates. on that point atomic number 18 in like manner Leekes differing shortsighted from ours in England that grow in several(prenominal) places of the coutrey, of ? which, when we came in places where they were, wee gathered and eate more a(prenominal) an(prenominal), nevertheless the naturall inhabitants neuer. C Hestnuts, there argon in diuers places great descent just about(prenominal) they vse to eate rawe, roughlywhat they stampe and boile to make spoonemeate, and with around world sodde they make such a manner of dowe bread as they ? vse of their beanes before mentioned.Walnuts in that location atomic number 18 twain kindes of Walnuts, and of the infinit entrepot In galore(postnominal) places where very great step ? for more miles together the one- treyly part of trees ar walnut-trees. The one kind is of the same gustatory sensation and forme or litle differing from ours of England, save that they atomic number 18 harder and thicker shelled the other is great and hath a verie dun and harde shell scarcely the kernell great, verie oylie and fragrancye. withal their take in of them aft(prenominal)wardswards our ordinarie maner, they breake them with precious stones and pound them in morters with wet to make a take out which they vse to put into round sorts of their spoonmeate withal among their sodde wheat, peaze, beanes and pompions which mak eth them haue a farre more dulcet orientation. Medlars a kind f verie intimatelyish fruit, so called by vs chieflie for these respectes premiere in that they be not practised vntill they be ill-smelling then in that they open at the head as our medlars, and are about the same bignesse otherwise in savouring and colour they are farre different for they are as red as cheries and very mellifluous just now whereas the cherie is sharpe sweet, they are lushious sweet. Metaquesunnauk, a kinde of pleasaunt fruite virtually of the shape & bignes of English peares, solely that they are of a absoluteive red colour as well within as without. They grow on a plant whose leaues are verie thicke and full of prickles as sharpe as needles. nearly that haue bin in the Indies, where they haue seen that kind of red 26 ? briefe and align study f the new found land of Uirginia 27 die of great price which is called Cochinile to grow, push describe his plant right like vnto this of Metaq uesunnauk entirely whether it be the avowedly cochinile or a pricking or wilde kind, it cannot up to now be bear witness seeing that withal as I heard, Cochinile is not of the fruite provided founde on the leaues of the plant which leaues for such matter we haue not so specially obserued. Grapes there are of dickens sorts which I mentioned in the marchantable comodities. Straberies there are as straightforward & as great as those which we haue in our English gardens. Mulberies, Applecrabs, Hurts or Hurtleberies, such as wee haue in England.Sacquenummener a kinde of berries close to like vnto capres besides passably great which grow together in clusters vpon a plant or herb that is found in shalow wet creationness turn 8 or social club hours harmonize to their kind are very erect meate and hole several(prenominal), otherwise if they be eaten they will make a man for the time franticke or super sicke. in that location is a kind of reed which beareth a seed almos t like vnto our rie or wheat, & creation stewed is nice meate. In our trauailes in roughly places wee founde wilde peaze like vnto ours in England tho that they were lesse, which are as well considerably meate. Of a kinde of fruite or berrie in forme of Acornes. Here is a kind of berrie or acorne, of which there are fiue sorts that grow on seuerall kinds of trees the one is called Sagatemener, the second Osamener, the third Pummuckoner. These kind of acorns they vse to drie vpon hurdling make of reeds with fire vnderneath al- most later on the maner as we dry malt in En lucky. When ? hey are to be vsed they first piddle supply them vntil they be soft & then world sod they make a equitable victual, either to eate so simply, or els creation likewise pounded, to make loaues or lumpes of bread. These be in addition the triad kinds of which, I said before, the inhabitants vsed to make sweet oyle. An other sort is called Sapummener which creation boiled or baked doth eat e and taste like vnto chestnuts. They past besides make bread of this sort. The cardinal percent sort is called Mangummenauk, and is the acorne of their kind of oake, the which beeing dried after the maner of the first sortes, and later water they boile them, & their seruants or or sotime the chiefe the selues, either for salmagundi or for trust of bread, ? free energy eate them with their angle or flesh. Of Beastes.Eare, in most places there are great salt away neere vnto the sea sailplaning they are of the ordinarie bignes as ours in England, & both(prenominal) lesse tho further vp into the countrey where there is ruin feed they are great they differ from ours onely in this, their tailes are long-acting and the snags of their hornes looke backward. Conies, Those that we haue seen & al that we can heare of are of a white-haired(a) colour like vnto hares in round places there are such plentie that all the well behaved deal of about townes make them mantles of the furre or flue of the skinnes of those they vsually take. Saquenuckot & Maquowoc devil kindes of clearer beastes great then conies which are very unspoiled meat. We neuer tooke any of them our selues, just slightlytime eate of such as the inhabitants had taken & brought vnto vs. D T 28 ? briefe and honest subject area f the new found land of Uirginia 29 Squirels which are of a rusty colour, we haue take & eate. ? ? Beares which are all of black colour. The beares of this countrey are level-headed meat the inhabitants in time of wintertimetime do vse to take & eate manie, so overly somtime did wee. They are taken commonlie in this sort. In slightly Ilands or places where they are, beingness capture for, as soone as they haue spiall of a man they presently run awaie, & then being dog they c calcium hydrate and get vp the beside tree they can, from whence with arrowes they are shot downe starke numb(p), or with those wounds that they may after soft be killed we just abouttime shotte them downe with our caleeuers.I haue the call of eight just abouter & twenty seuerall sortes of beasts which I haue heard of to be here and there scatter in the coutrie, peculiarly in the maine of which ? there are only twelue kinds that we haue nevertheless discouered, & of those that be bang-up meat we know only them before metioned. The inhabitants somtime kil the Lyon ? & eat him & we somtime as they came to our hands of their Wolues or woluish Dogges, which I haue not set downe for straightforward meat, least that some woulde vnderstand my iudgement therin to be more dim-witted than needeth, although I could alleage the dispute in taste of those kindes from ours, which by some of our club haue beene experimented in both. Of Foule. eaten, & haue the pictures as they were there movee with the call of the inhabitaunts of seuerall impertinent ? ortes of water foule eight, and seue teene kinds more of land foul, although wee haue seen and eaten o f numerous more, which for expect of leasure there for the purpose coulde not bee visualised and after wee are disclose furnish and shop classd vpon further discouery, with their unlike beastes, anglee, trees, plants, and hearbes, they shall bee overly published. at that place are overly Parats, Faulcons, & Marlin haukes, which although with vs they bee not vsed for meate, exactly for other causes I theme technical to mention. Of Fishe. F T Vrkie cockes and Turkie hennes Stockdoues Partridges Cranes Hernes & in winter great store of Swannes & Geese. Of al sortes of foule I haue the name calling in the countrie run-in of fourescore and sixe of which number besides those that be named, we haue taken,Or foure monethes of the yeere, February, March, Aprill and May, there are plentie of Sturgeons And overly in the same monethes of Herrings, some of the cut-and-dried bignesse as ours in England, just the most part farre great, of eighteene, twentie inches, and some deu ce foote in length and bankrupt both these kindes of fishe in those monethes are most plentifull, and in trounce season, which wee founde to bee most sensitive and pleasaunt meate. There are similarly Troutes Porpoises Rayes Oldwiues Mullets plaice and very some another(prenominal) other sortes of dainty costly fish, which we haue taken & eaten, whose names I know not exclusively in the countrey run-in wee haue of twelue sorts more the pictures as they were drawn in the countrey with their names. The inhabitants vse to take the ii maner of wayes, ? the one is by a kind of wear make of reedes which in that countrey are very strong. The other way which is 30 ? briefe and align report of the new found land of Uirginia 31 ore obscure, is with poles make sharpe at one ende, by injure them into the fish after the maner as Irishmen cast dartes either as they are rowing in their boates or els as they are walk in the shallowes for the purpose. There are in addition in many a nother(prenominal) places plentie of these kindes which follow. sea crabbes, such as we haue in England. Oysters, some very great, and some trivial some rounde and some of a long shape They are founde both in salt water and brackish, and those that we had out of salt water are far better than the other as in our owne countrey. alike Muscles Scalopes Periwinkles and Creuises. Seekanauk, a kinde of crustie shell fishe which is grave meate, about a foote in breadth, hauing a crustie tayle, many legges like a crab and her eyes in her backe. They are founde in shallowes of salt waters and sometime on the shoare.There are many Tortoyses both of lande and sea kinde, their backes & bellies are shelled very thicke their head, feete, and taile, which are in appearance, seeme ougly as though they were members of a snake or venemous simply notwithstanding they are very good meate, as in like manner their egges. most haue bene founde of a yard in bredth and better. And thus haue I make r elation of all sortes of victuall that we provide vpon for the time we were in Virginia, as overly the inhabitants themselues, as farre foorth as I knowe and can memorialise or that are specially commendable to bee remembred. The third and last part of such other plant and inhabit to know of with a description of the temper and dexterity of the battalion of the countrey. Of commodities for building and other obligatory vses.Hose other things which I am more to make rehearsall of, are such as concerne building, and other mechanicall necessarie vses as diuers sortes of trees for house & ship timber, and other vses els in like manner caustic lime, stone, and brick, least that being not mentioned some exponent haue bene doubted of, or by some that are malicious report the contrary. Okes, there are as faire, straight, tall, and as good timber as any can be, and likewise great store, and in some places very great. Walnut trees, as I haue saide before very many, some haue bene seen minute faire timber of foure & fiue fadome, & aboue fourescore foot streight without bough. Firre trees fit for masts of ships, some very tall & great. Rakiock, a kind of trees so called that are sweet wood of which the inhabitans that were neere vnto vs muscularity commo make their boats or Canoes of the form ? y of trowes only with the helpe of fire, hatchets of stones, and shels we haue known some so great being do in that sort of one tree that they haue carried well xx. men at once, besides much luggage the timber being great, tal, streight, soft, light, & to date tough enough I thinke (besides other vses) to be fit excessively for masts of ships. Cedar, a sweet wood good for seelings, Chests, thinges as is behoofull for those which shall 32 ? briefe and trustworthy report of the new found land of Uirginia 33 Boxes, Bedsteedes, Lutes, Virginals, and many things els, as I haue besides said before. Some of our telephoner which haue wandered in some places where I hau e not bene, haue do certaine assertion of Cyprus which for such and other handsome vses, is besides a wood of price and no secondary estimation.Maple, and alike Wich-hazle, wherof the inhabitants vse to make their bowes. Holly a indispensable thing for the do of birdlime. Willowes good for the reservation of weares and weeles to take fish after the English manner, although the inhabitants vse only reedes, which because they are so strong as too flexible, do serue for that turne very well and sufficiently. beech tree and Ashe, good for caske, hoopes and if neede require, traverse worke, as withal for many things els. Elme. Sassafras trees. Ascopo a kinde of tree very like vnto Lawrell, the barke is hoat in tast and spicie, it is very like to that tree which Monardus describeth to bee genus Cassia Lignea of the air jacket Indies.There are many other strange trees whose names I knowe not hardly in the Virginian phraseology, of which I am not nowe able, uncomplete is i t so conuenient for the present to trouble you with particular relation seeing that for timber and other essential vses I haue named sufficient And of many of the rest however that they may be apply to good vse, I know no cause to doubt. straightway for Stone, Bricke and Lime, thus it is. Neere vnto the sea rim where wee dwelt, there are no kinde of stones to bee found (except a fewe small pebbles about foure miles off) scarce such as haue bene brought from further out of the maine. In some of our voiages wee haue seene diuers hard raggie stones, great pebbles, and a kinde of grey-headed stone like vnto marble, of which the inhabitants make their hatchets to cleeue wood. Vpon inquirie wee heard that a minor further vp into the Countrey were of all sortes verie many, although of Quarries they are ignorant, incomplete haue they vse of any store whereupon they should haue occasion to seeke any.For if euerie housholde haue one or two to cracke Nuttes, grinde shelles, whet coppe r, and some time other stones for hatchets, they haue enough neither vse they any digging, save onely for graues about trinity foote deepe and therefore no maruaile that they know neither Quarries, nor lime stones, which both may bee in places neerer than they wot of. In the meane time vntill there bee discouerie of sufficient store in some place or other conuenient, the unavoidableness of you which are and shalbe the planters in this may be as well supplied by Bricke for the fashioning whereof in diuers places of the countrey there is cadaver both gauzy good, and plentie and to a fault by lime do of Oister shels, and of others burnt, after the maner as they vse in the Iles of initiateing and Shepy, and alike in diuers other places of England Which kinde of lime is well knowne to bee as good as any other.And of Oister shels there is plentie enough for besides diuers other particular places where are abundance, there is one shallowe sounde on the soaring, where for the lieu of many miles together in length, and two or trine miles in breadth, the grounde is zip refrainener els beeing save halfe a foote or a foote vnder water for the most part. This much can I recount further more of stones, that about 120. miles from our fort neere the water in the side 34 ? briefe and square(a) report of the new found land of Uirginia 35 of a pitchers mound was founde by a manhood of our company, a great veine of hard ragge stones, which I eyeshot good to remember vnto you. Of the nature and address of the battalion.T resteth I speake a word or two of the naturall inhabitants, their natures and maners, leauing large cover thereof vntill time more conuenient futurity nowe onely so farre foorth, as that you may know, how that they in respect of trouble our inhabiting and planting, are not to be feared only when that they shall haue cause both to feare and loue vs, that shall inhabite with them. They are a state cloaked with utter mantles do of Deer e skins, & aprons of the same rounde about their middles all els defenseless of such a divergence of statures only as wee in England hauing no edge tooles or weapons of yron or steele to break off vs withall, neither know t they how to make any those weapons y they haue, are onlie bowes do of glamour hazle, & arrowes of reeds flat stinging truncheons also of wood about a yard long, neither haue they any thing to defe d the selues scarcely tar? ? gets do of barks and some armours make of stickes wickered together with thread.Their townes are exclusively small, & neere the sea coast besides few, some containing still 10. or 12. houses some 20. the great that we haue seene haue bene provided of 30. houses if they be walled it is only through with(p) with barks of trees do fast to stakes, or els with poles onely amend vpright and close one by another. Their houses are do of small poles make fast at the transcend in rounde forme after the maner as is vsed in many arbori es in our gardens of England, in most townes couered with barkes, and in some with artificiall mattes make of long rushes from the overstep of the houses downe to the ground. The length of them is usually range to the breadth, in some places they are solely 12. and 16. ardes long, and in other some wee haue seene of foure and twentie. In some places of the countrey one onely towne belongeth to the gouernment of a Wiroans or chiefe Lorde in other some two or three, in some sixe, eight, & more the greatest Wiroans that moreover we had dealing with had nevertheless eighteene townes in his gouernment, and able to make not aboue seuen or eight hundred competitiveness men at the most The language of euery gouernment is different from any other, and the farther they are distant the greater is the difference. Their maner of warres amongst themselues is either by explosive move one an other most co ? monly about the good morning of the day, or oone light or els by ambushes, or some suttle deuises differentiate battels are very antiquated, except it come out where there are many trees, where eyther part may haue some hope of defence, after the deliuerie of euery arrow, in natural spring behind some or other. If there deterioration out any warres between vs & them, what their foment is believably to bee, we hauing aduantages against them so many maner of waies, as by our discipline, our strange weapons and deuises els oddly by principle great and small, it may be easily imagined by the experience we haue had in some places, the good turn vp of their heeles against vs in discharge away was their best defence. 36 ? briefe and unfeigned report of the new found land of Uirginia 37In respect of vs they are a the great unwashed poore, and for indispensableness of skill and iudgement in the knowledge and vse of our things, free energy esteeme our trifles before thinges of greater value Notwithstanding in their proper manner considering the indispensabil ity of such meanes as we haue, they seeme very smart For although they haue no such tooles, nor any such craftes, sciences and artes as wee scarcely in those thinges they doe, they shewe excellencie of wit. And by howe much they vpon due consideration shall finde our manner of knowledges and craftes to exceede theirs in perfection, and whet for doing or execution, by so much the more is it presumable that they shoulde desire our friendships & loue, and haue the greater respect for delight and obeying vs. Whereby may bee hoped if meanes of good gouernment bee vsed, that they may in short time be brought to ciuilitie, and the imbracing of true faith. Some religion they haue alreadie, which although it be farre from the truth, to that degree beyng as it is, there is hope it may bee the easier and earlier reformed.They beleeue that there are many theologys which they call Montoac, but of different sortes and degrees one onely chiefe and great beau ideal, which hath bene from all eternitie. Who as they affirme when hee purposed to make the worlde, make first other goddes of a principall vow to bee as meanes and instruments to bee vsed in the creation and gouernment to follow and after the Sunne, Moone, and Starres, as pettie goddes and the instruments of the other order more principall. First they judge were make waters, out of which by the gods was make all diuersitie of creatures that are panoptic or inuisible. For mankind they formulate a cleaning woman was do first, which by the woorking of one of the goddes, conceiued and brought foorth children And in such sort they say they had their beginning.But how manie yeeres or ages haue passed since, they say they can make no relatio , hauing no earn nor other ? such meanes as we to keepe recordes of the particularities of propagation past, but onelie customs duty from father to sonne. They thinke that all the gods are of sympathetic shape, & therfore they represent them by images in the formes of men, which they call Kewasowok one alone is called Kewas Them they place in houses appropriate or temples which they call Machicomuck Where they woorship, praie, sing, and make manie measure offerings vnto them. In some Machicomuck we haue seene but one Kewas, in some two, and in other some three The common sort thinke them to be also gods.They beleeue also the immortalitie of the soule, that after this life as soone as the soule is bypast from the bodie according to the workes it hath through, it is eyther carried to heauen the habitacle of gods, there to enioy perpetuall blisse and happinesse, or els to a great pitte or hole, which they thinke to bee in the furthermost partes of their part of the worlde towarde the sunne set, there to burne continually the place they call Popogusso. For the stoppage of this touch sensation, they tolde mee two stories of two men that had been of late bloodless and reuiued againe, the one happened but few yeres before our comming into the co untrey of a pie-eyed man which hauing beene all in(p) and conceal, the following day the earth of the graue beeing seene to moue, was taken vp againe Who do promulgation where his soule had 38 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 39 beene, that is to saie very neere entring into Popogusso, had not one of the gods saued him & gaue him leaue to returne againe, and teach his friends what they should doe to auoid that repellent place of jinx.The other happened in the same yeere wee were there, but in a towne that was 60 miles from vs, and it was tolde mee for straunge newes that one beeing unwarranted, buried and taken vp againe as the first, shewed that although his bodie had spleen dead in the graue, yet his soule was aliue, and had trauailed farre in a long broade waie, on both sides whereof grewe most delicate and pleasaunt trees, gallery more rare and excellent fruites then euer hee had seene before or was able to expresse, and at length came to mos t braue and faire houses, neere which hee met his father, that had beene dead before, who gaue him great charge to goe backe againe and shew his friendes what good they were to doe to enioy the pleasures of that place, which when he had done he should after come againe. What subtilty soeuer be in the Wiroances and Priestes, this opinion worketh so much in manie of the common and elementary sort of volume that it maketh them haue great respect to their Gouernours, and also great caveat what they do, to auoid torment after death, and to enioy blisse although notwithstanding there is punishment prescribed for malefactours, as stealers, whoremoongers, and other sortes of stern doers some punished with death, some with forfeitures, some with beating, according to the greatnes of the factes.And this is the summe of their religio which I ? , knowledgeable by hauing special familiarity with some of their priestes. Wherein they were not so sure grounded, nor gaue such credite to their traditions and stories but through conuersing with vs they were brought into great doubts of their owne, and no small discernment of ours, with beloved desire in many, to learne more than we had meanes for requisite of perfect vtterance in their language to expresse. some thinges they sawe with vs, as Mathematicall instruments, sea compasses, the vertue of the lodestone in potation yron, a perspectiue glasse whereby was shewed manie strange sightes, earnest glasses, wildefire oorkes, gunnes, bookes, writing and reading, spring redstem storksbill that seeme to goe of themselues, and manie other thinges that wee had, were so straunge vnto them, and so farre exceeded their capacities to comprehend the reason and meanes how they should be made and done, that they theme they were kind of the plant of gods then of men, or at the at any rate they had bin giuen and taught vs of the gods. Which made manie of them to haue such opinion of vs, as that if they knew not the trueth of g od and religion already, it was sort of to be had from vs, whom God so specially loued then from a people that were so simple, as they found themselues to be in coincidence of vs. Whereupon greater credite was giuen vnto that we spake of concerning such matters.Manie times and in euery towne where I came, according as I was able, I made solving of the contentes of the al-Quran that in this was set foorth the true and onelie GOD, and his efficiencyie woorkes, that in this was contayned the true belief of saluation through Christ, with manie particularities of Miracles and chiefe poyntes of religion, as I was able then to vtter, and approximation fitte for the time. And although I told them the booke materially & of itself was not of anie such vertue, as I thought they did conceiue, but onely the precept 40 ? briefe and true report of the new found land of Uirginia 41 in that contained yet would many be gladiolus to touch it, to include it, to kisse it, to hold it to their brests and heades, and jibe ouer all their bodie with it to shewe their hungrie desire of that knowledge which was utter of.The Wiroans with whom we dwelt called Wingina, and many of his people would be glad many times to be with vs at our praiers, and many times call vpon vs both in his owne towne, as also in others whither he sometimes attended vs, to ask and sing Psalmes hoping thereby to bee sharer of the same effectes which wee by that meanes also expected. Twise this Wiroans was so grieuously sicke that he was like to die, and as hee laie languishing, doubting of anie helpe by his owne priestes, and thought he was in such daunger for offend vs and thereby our god, sent for some of vs to praie and bee a meanes to our God that it would cheer him either that he might liue or after death inhabit with him in blis